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  • C#中HttpWebRequest、WebClient、HttpClient的使用

    HttpWebRequest:

    命名空间: System.Net,这是.NET创建者最初开发用于使用HTTP请求的标准类。使用HttpWebRequest可以让开发者控制请求/响应流程的各个方面,如 timeouts, cookies, headers, protocols。另一个好处是HttpWebRequest类不会阻塞UI线程。例如,当您从响应很慢的API服务器下载大文件时,您的应用程序的UI不会停止响应。HttpWebRequest通常和WebResponse一起使用,一个发送请求,一个获取数据。HttpWebRquest更为底层一些,能够对整个访问过程有个直观的认识,但同时也更加复杂一些。

    //POST方法
            public static string HttpPost(string Url, string postDataStr)
            {
                HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url);
                request.Method = "POST";
                request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
                Encoding encoding = Encoding.UTF8;
                byte[] postData = encoding.GetBytes(postDataStr);
                request.ContentLength = postData.Length;
                Stream myRequestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
                myRequestStream.Write(postData, 0, postData.Length);
                myRequestStream.Close();
                HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
                Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
                StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, encoding);
                string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
                myStreamReader.Close();
                myResponseStream.Close();
    
                return retString;
            }
            //GET方法
            public static string HttpGet(string Url, string postDataStr)
            {
                HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(Url + (postDataStr == "" ? "" : "?") + postDataStr);
                request.Method = "GET";
                request.ContentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8";
                HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
                Stream myResponseStream = response.GetResponseStream();
                StreamReader myStreamReader = new StreamReader(myResponseStream, Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8"));
                string retString = myStreamReader.ReadToEnd();
                myStreamReader.Close();
                myResponseStream.Close();
                return retString;
            }

    WebClient:

    命名空间System.Net,WebClient是一种更高级别的抽象,是HttpWebRequest为了简化最常见任务而创建的,使用过程中你会发现他缺少基本的header,timeoust的设置,不过这些可以通过继承httpwebrequest来实现。相对来说,WebClient比WebRequest更加简单,它相当于封装了request和response方法,不过需要说明的是,Webclient和WebRequest继承的是不同类,两者在继承上没有任何关系。使用WebClient可能比HttpWebRequest直接使用更慢(大约几毫秒),但却更为简单,减少了很多细节,代码量也比较少。

    public class WebClientHelper
        {
            public static string DownloadString(string url)
            {
                WebClient wc = new WebClient();
                //wc.BaseAddress = url;   //设置根目录
                wc.Encoding = Encoding.UTF8;    //设置按照何种编码访问,如果不加此行,获取到的字符串中文将是乱码
                string str = wc.DownloadString(url);
                return str;
            }
            public static string DownloadStreamString(string url)
            {
                WebClient wc = new WebClient();
                wc.Headers.Add("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.132 Safari/537.36");
                Stream objStream = wc.OpenRead(url);
                StreamReader _read = new StreamReader(objStream, Encoding.UTF8);    //新建一个读取流,用指定的编码读取,此处是utf-8
                string str = _read.ReadToEnd();
                objStream.Close();
                _read.Close();
                return str;
            }
    
            public static void DownloadFile(string url, string filename)
            {
                WebClient wc = new WebClient();
                wc.DownloadFile(url, filename);     //下载文件
            }
    
            public static void DownloadData(string url, string filename)
            {
                WebClient wc = new WebClient();
                byte [] bytes = wc.DownloadData(url);   //下载到字节数组
                FileStream fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
                fs.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length); 
                fs.Flush();
                fs.Close();
            }
    
            public static void DownloadFileAsync(string url, string filename)
            {
                WebClient wc = new WebClient();
                wc.DownloadFileCompleted += DownCompletedEventHandler;
                wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename);
                Console.WriteLine("下载中。。。");
            }
            private static void DownCompletedEventHandler(object sender, AsyncCompletedEventArgs e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());   //触发事件的对象
                Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
                Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
                Console.WriteLine("异步下载完成!");
            }
    
            public static void DownloadFileAsync2(string url, string filename)
            {
                WebClient wc = new WebClient();
                wc.DownloadFileCompleted += (sender, e) =>
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("下载完成!");
                    Console.WriteLine(sender.ToString());
                    Console.WriteLine(e.UserState);
                    Console.WriteLine(e.Cancelled);
                };
                wc.DownloadFileAsync(new Uri(url), filename);
                Console.WriteLine("下载中。。。");
            }
        }

    HttpClient:

    HttpClient是.NET4.5引入的一个HTTP客户端库,其命名空间为 System.Net.Http ,.NET 4.5之前我们可能使用WebClient和HttpWebRequest来达到相同目的。HttpClient利用了最新的面向任务模式,使得处理异步请求非常容易。它适合用于多次请求操作,一般设置好默认头部后,可以进行重复多次的请求,基本上用一个实例可以提交任何的HTTP请求。HttpClient有预热机制,第一次进行访问时比较慢,所以不应该用到HttpClient就new一个出来,应该使用单例或其他方式获取HttpClient的实例

    单例模式:

    单例模式(Singleton Pattern)这种类型的设计模式属于创建型模式,它提供了一种创建对象的最佳方式。

    这种模式涉及到一个单一的类,该类负责创建自己的对象,同时确保只有单个对象被创建。这个类提供了一种访问其唯一的对象的方式,可以直接访问,不需要实例化该类的对象。

    单例创建步骤:1、定义静态私有对象;2、定义私有构造函数;3、提供公共获取对象方法;

    单例模式一般分为两种实现模式:懒汉模式、饿汉模式(以下为Java代码实现)

    懒汉模式:  默认不会实例化,什么时候用什么时候new

    public class Singleton {  
        private static Singleton instance = null;  
        private Singleton (){}  
      
        public static Singleton getInstance() {  
        if (instance == null) {  
            instance = new Singleton();  
        }  
        return instance;  
        }  
    }

    这种方式是最基本的实现方式,这种实现最大的问题就是不支持多线程。因为没有加锁 synchronized,所以严格意义上它并不算单例模式。
    这种方式 lazy loading 很明显,不要求线程安全,在多线程不能正常工作

    饿汉模式:  类初始化时,会立即加载该对象,线程天生安全,调用效率高

    public class Singleton {  
        private static Singleton instance = new Singleton();  
        private Singleton (){}  
        public static Singleton getInstance() {  
        return instance;  
        }  
    }

    双检锁/双重校验锁(DCL,即 double-checked locking):这种方式采用双锁机制,安全且在多线程情况下能保持高性能

    public class Singleton {  
        private volatile static Singleton singleton;  
        private Singleton (){}  
        public static Singleton getSingleton() {  
        if (singleton == null) {  
            synchronized (Singleton.class) {  
            if (singleton == null) {  
                singleton = new Singleton();  
            }  
            }  
        }  
        return singleton;  
        }  
    }

    HttpClient:
    public class HttpClientHelper
        {
            private static readonly object LockObj = new object();
            private static HttpClient client = null;
            public HttpClientHelper() {
                GetInstance();
            }
            public static HttpClient GetInstance()
            {
    
                if (client == null)
                {
                    lock (LockObj)
                    {
                        if (client == null)
                        {
                            client = new HttpClient();
                        }
                    }
                }
                return client;
            }
            public async Task<string> PostAsync(string url, string strJson)//post异步请求方法
            {
                try
                {
                    HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
                    content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");
                    //由HttpClient发出异步Post请求
                    HttpResponseMessage res = await client.PostAsync(url, content);
                    if (res.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
                    {
                        string str = res.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
                        return str;
                    }
                    else
                        return null;
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    return null;
                }
            }
    
            public string Post(string url, string strJson)//post同步请求方法
            {
                try
                {
                    HttpContent content = new StringContent(strJson);
                    content.Headers.ContentType = new System.Net.Http.Headers.MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/json");
                    //client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Connection.Add("keep-alive");
                    //由HttpClient发出Post请求
                    Task<HttpResponseMessage> res = client.PostAsync(url, content);
                    if (res.Result.StatusCode == System.Net.HttpStatusCode.OK)
                    {
                        string str = res.Result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
                        return str;
                    }
                    else
                        return null;
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    return null;
                }
            }
    
            public string Get(string url)
            {
                try
                {
                    var responseString = client.GetStringAsync(url);
                    return responseString.Result;
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    return null;
                }
            }
    
        }

    HttpClient有预热机制,第一次请求比较慢;可以通过初始化前发送一次head请求解决:
    _httpClient = new HttpClient() { BaseAddress = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS) };
    
            //帮HttpClient热身
            _httpClient.SendAsync(new HttpRequestMessage {
                    Method = new HttpMethod("HEAD"), 
                    RequestUri = new Uri(BASE_ADDRESS + "/") })
                .Result.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
    
    

    三者区别列表:

    原文连接:https://www.cnblogs.com/MrZheng/p/11636254.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/1175429393wljblog/p/12565564.html
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