python3 mysql-单表查询

1、单表查询的语法

　　SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 条件 GROUP BY field HAVING 筛选 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制条数。

2、关键字的执行优先级（重点）

　　from >where >group by >having >select >distinct >order by >limit

　　1.找到表:from

　　2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录

　　3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组

　　4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

　　5.执行select

　　6.去重

　　7.将结果按条件排序：order by

　　8.限制结果的显示条数

　　创建公司员工表，表的字段和数据类型

　

company.employee
    员工id          id                          int                  
    姓名            name                        varchar                                                             
    性别            sex                         enum                                                                  
    年龄            age                         int
    入职日期         hire_date                   date
    岗位            post                        varchar
    职位描述         post_comment         　　　　varchar
    薪水            salary                　　　 double
    办公室           office                     int
    部门编号         depart_id                   int

create table employee(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name  varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary  double(15,2),
    office int,#一个部门一个屋
    depart_id int
);
# 查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field                | Type                              | Null | Key     | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id                      | int(11)                            | NO   | PRI     | NULL    | auto_increment |
| emp_name             | varchar(20)                   | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| sex                  | enum('male','female')   | NO   |             | male    |                |
| age                  | int(3) unsigned               | NO   |             | 28         |                |
| hire_date        | date                              | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| post                 | varchar(50)                   | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| post_comment     | varchar(100)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| salart               | double(15,2)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| office              | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| depart_id        | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
10 rows in set (0.08 sec)

#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

3、where约束

　　where子句中可以使用

　　1.比较运算符：>、<、>=、<=、<>、!=；

　　2.between 80 and 100 ：值在80到100之间；

　　3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30；

　　4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符，_表示一个字符；

　　5.逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not。

　　（1）单条件查询

　　查询id大于5的员工名和员工id。

mysql> select id,emp_name from employee where id > 5;
+----+------------+
| id | emp_name   |
+----+------------+
|  6 | jingliyang |
|  7 | jinxin     |
|  8 | xiaomage   |
|  9 | 歪歪       |
| 10 | 丫丫       |
| 11 | 丁丁       |
| 12 | 星星       |
| 13 | 格格       |
| 14 | 张野       |
| 15 | 程咬金     |
| 16 | 程咬银     |
| 17 | 程咬铜     |
| 18 | 程咬铁     |

　　（2）多条件查询

　　查询部门是老师且工资大于10000的员工名。

mysql> select emp_name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000;
+----------+
| emp_name |
+----------+
| alex         |
| jinxin     |
+----------+

　　（3）关键字between and

　　查找工资在10000到20000之间的员工姓名和工资

　　查找工资不在10000到20000之间的员工姓名和工资

SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

 SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

　　（4）关键字in集合查询

　　查询工资是3000、3500、4000、9000的员工姓名和工资。

mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+

　　查询工资不是3000、3500、4000、9000的员工姓名和工资。

mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+-----------+------------+
| name      | salary     |
+-----------+------------+
| egon      |    7300.33 |
| alex      | 1000000.31 |
| wupeiqi   |    8300.00 |
| liwenzhou |    2100.00 |
| jinxin    |   30000.00 |
| xiaomage  |   10000.00 |
| 歪歪      |    3000.13 |
| 丫丫      |    2000.35 |
| 丁丁      |    1000.37 |
| 星星      |    3000.29 |
| 格格      |    4000.33 |
| 张野      |   10000.13 |
| 程咬金    |   20000.00 |
| 程咬银    |   19000.00 |
| 程咬铜    |   18000.00 |
| 程咬铁    |   17000.00 |
+-----------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)

　　（5）关键字like模糊查询

　　查找名字以**开头的员工所有信息。

通配符’%’
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'jin%';
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

　　

通配符'_'

mysql> SELECT  age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_';
+-----+
| age |
+-----+
|  78 |
+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

　　练习：

1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

　　答案：

select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

2、group by分组查询

　　分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等，

　　可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数。

　　假如要分组查询工资的员工名字，直接select name,salary from employee group by salary;只能查询出每中工资第一个员工的信息，没有任何意义。

　　这个时候需要group_concat().

mysql> select sex,group_concat(name) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------------------+
| sex    | group_concat(name)    |
+--------+-----------------------+
| male   | egon,wupeiqi,nvshen   |
| female | alex,yuanhao,xiaomage |
+--------+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

　　

3、聚合函数

　　max()求最大值

　　min()求最小值

　　avg()求平均值

　　sum() 求和

　　count() 求总个数

　　强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组　　

# 每个部门有多少个员工
select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的最高薪水
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的最低薪水
select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的平均薪水
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的所有薪水
select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;

　　小练习：

1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资，女员工与女员工的平均薪资

4、having过滤

　　HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于，

　　执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having ，

　　Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

　　Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数。

　　练习题：

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资

# 题1：
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name)                                        | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野                          |         5 |
| sale                                    | 格格,星星,丁丁,丫丫,歪歪                                  |         5 |
| teacher                                 | xiaomage,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                      |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon               |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)


#题2：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

#题3：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post      | avg(salary)  |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5、order by查询顺序

按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;#正序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;#逆序

按多列排序:先按照age升序排序，如果年纪相同，则按照id降序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age ASC,
        id DESC;

　　小练习：

1. 查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列　

　　答案；

# 题目1
select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

# 题目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 题目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
| operation |  16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

　　

6、limit限制查询的记录数

示例：
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
     LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

　　小练习：分页显示，每页5条

# 第1页数据
  mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | egon      | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex      | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi   | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao   | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  5 | liwenzhou | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第2页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  8 | xiaomage   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale    | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale    | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第3页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex    | age | hire_date  | post      | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁      | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale      | NULL         |  1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
| 12 | 星星      | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 13 | 格格      | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale      | NULL         |  4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
| 14 | 张野      | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL         | 10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金    | male   |  18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL         | 20000.00 |    403 |         3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)