Python之基本数据类型

运算符

1、算数运算：

2、比较运算：

 

3、赋值运算：

4、逻辑运算：

5、成员运算：

基本数据类型

1、数字

int（整型）

　　在32位机器上，整数的位数为32位，取值范围为-2**31～2**31-1，即-2147483648～2147483647
　　在64位系统上，整数的位数为64位，取值范围为-2**63～2**63-1，即-9223372036854775808～9223372036854775807

# 数字 整形 int
# Python3里边  11111111111111111111111111111111
# Python2里边  11111111111111
# 长整形 long
# Python2里边  11111111111111111111111111111111

# 将字符串转换为数字  一个汉字在utf8里边3字节
a = "123"
print(type(a), a)
b = int(a)
print(type(b), b)

num = "0011"
v = int(num, base=16)
print(v)

age = 3  
print(age.bit_length())

额外一大堆的方法看源码大海

class int(object):
    """
    int(x=0) -> int or long
    int(x, base=10) -> int or long
    
    Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
    are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
    If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
    
    If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
    Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
    literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
    The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
    interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
    >>> int('0b100', base=0)
    """
    def bit_length(self): 
        """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """
        """
        int.bit_length() -> int
        
        Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary.
        >>> bin(37)
        '0b100101'
        >>> (37).bit_length()
        """
        return 0

    def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """
        """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """
        pass

    def __abs__(self):
        """ 返回绝对值 """
        """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y):
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __and__(self, y):
        """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): 
        """ 比较两个数大小 """
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __coerce__(self, y):
        """ 强制生成一个元组 """ 
        """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """
        pass

    def __divmod__(self, y): 
        """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ 
        """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """
        pass

    def __div__(self, y): 
        """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __float__(self): 
        """ 转换为浮点类型 """ 
        """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """
        pass

    def __floordiv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """
        pass

    def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): 
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ 
        pass

    def __hash__(self): 
        """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。"""
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __hex__(self): 
        """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ 
        """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """
        pass

    def __index__(self): 
        """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """
        """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """
        pass

    def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__
        """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ 
        """
        int(x=0) -> int or long
        int(x, base=10) -> int or long
        
        Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
        are given.  If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
        If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.
        
        If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
        Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base.  The
        literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
        The base defaults to 10.  Valid bases are 0 and 2-36.  Base 0 means to
        interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
        >>> int('0b100', base=0)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __int__(self): 
        """ 转换为整数 """ 
        """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """
        pass

    def __invert__(self): 
        """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """
        pass

    def __long__(self): 
        """ 转换为长整数 """ 
        """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """
        pass

    def __lshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, y): 
        """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, y): 
        """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """
        pass

    def __neg__(self): 
        """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): 
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __nonzero__(self): 
        """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """
        pass

    def __oct__(self): 
        """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ 
        """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """
        pass

    def __or__(self, y): 
        """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """
        pass

    def __pos__(self): 
        """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """
        pass

    def __pow__(self, y, z=None): 
        """ 幂，次方 """ 
        """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __radd__(self, y): 
        """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """
        pass

    def __rdivmod__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """
        pass

    def __rdiv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): 
        """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __str__(self): 
        """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式"""
        """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """
        pass

    def __rfloordiv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """
        pass

    def __rlshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, y): 
        """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """
        pass

    def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): 
        """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """
        pass

    def __rrshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """
        pass

    def __rshift__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """
        pass

    def __rtruediv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, y): 
        """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, y): 
        """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """
        pass

    def __truediv__(self, y): 
        """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """
        pass

    def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): 
        """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, y): 
        """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """
        pass

    denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分母 = 1 """
    """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 虚数，无意义 """
    """the imaginary part of a complex number"""

    numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 分子 = 数字大小 """
    """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms"""

    real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None)  # default
    """ 实属，无意义 """
    """the real part of a complex number"""

int

 2、布尔值

　　真或假

　  1或0

user = 'Eric'
pwd = '123'
v = user == 'Eric' and pwd == '123' or 1 == 1 and pwd == '99854'
print(v)  # True
# 规则从左到右依次判断

　　注意：如果有括号，优先执行括号里边的内容

3、字符串

"hello world"

字符串常用功能：

• 移除空白
• 分割
• 长度
• 索引
• 切片

# test = 'ereic'
# test_over = '中国大'
# 索引 下标  获取字符串中的某个字符
# v = test[3]
# print(v)

# 切片
# v = test[0:-1]
# 0<= <-1取不到最后一个
# print(v)

# len长度  若汉字的话python2中拿到的是9 python3中就是3了
# print(len(test))
# print(len(test_over))

# join拼接
# print('_'.join(test_over))
# replace替换  find rfind
# print(test.replace('e', 'a', 1))

# 循环拿出每一个字符
# index = 0
# while index < len(test_over):
#     v = test_over[index]
#     print(v)
#     index += 1
# print('======结束======')
#
# for item in test_over:
#     print(item)
#
# for i in range(len(test_over)):
#     print(test_over[i])
# 字符串一旦创建，就不可以修改
# 一旦修改或者拼接，都会造成从新生成字符串(重新开辟新的内存空间)
# name = 'eric'
# age = '18'
# info = name + age
# print(info)
# 反转
# print(name[::-1])
# range 在python3中这样不得立马创建  在python2中就立马直接就是0-99的列表创建了
# 这是一个优化机制 只有在循环遍历的时候才去创建,这样就内存占用率就小了
# 垃圾回收机制：自动清理如果没人用就清理了,这样内存占用率就小了
# range作用：创建生成连续的数字
# v = range(100)
# k = range(0, 100, 5)
# for i in v:
#     print(i)
# for i in k:
#     print(i)
# 结果range(0, 100)

name = "我爱中国"
# "我爱中国" 字符串
# "我"    代表字符串有且只有一个字符
# "我爱中国" 中国 子序列
if "爱中" in name:
    # in  not in 判断某个东西是否在某个东西里边
    print('ok')
else:
    print('Error')

user = 'Eric'
pwd = '123'
v = user == 'Eric' and pwd == '123' or 1 == 1 and pwd == '99854'
print(v)  # True
# 规则从左到右依次判断
# 数字
# num = 123
# print(num.bit_length())

# 字符串  str
# name = 'Eric'
# print(name.upper())
# 数字 整形 int
# Python3里边  11111111111111111111111111111111
# Python2里边  11111111111111
# 长整形 long
# Python2里边  11111111111111111111111111111111
# 整型 int
# 将字符串转换为数字  一个汉字在utf8里边3字节
a = "123"
print(type(a), a)
b = int(a)
print(type(b), b)
num = "0011"
v = int(num, base=16)
print(v)
age = 3
print(age.bit_length())
name = 'eRiceric'
# 首字母变大写 之后都小写  Eric
print(name.capitalize())
# 全变小写 casefold()更牛逼些 很多未知对应可变小写
print(name.casefold())
print(name.lower())
# 设置宽度20并且内容居中布局空余位置用*填充
print(name.center(20, '*'))
print(name.center(20, '中'))
print(name.rjust(20, '中'))
print(name.ljust(20, '中'))
print(name.zfill(20))  只能以0000000填充
 
# 计算当前个数
print(name.count('e', 3, 5))
# 以什么结尾、开始
print(name.endswith('c'))
print(name.startswith('e'))
# 	制表符  以制表符进行分割agshjskf    indfkvj0824gdsh   dsajskdj
s = 'agshjskf	indfkvj0824gdsh	dsajskdj'
print(s.expandtabs(6))
# find从开始往后找,找到获取其位置  index找不到直接报错ValueError: substring not found
print(name.find('er', 0, 6))
print(name.index('er', 0, 6))
# 格式化
test = "you are {name}，age {a}"
test = "you are {0}，age {1}"
v = test.format(name='eric', a=18)
v = test.format('eric', 18)
print(v)
test = "you are {name}，age {a}"
v = test.format_map({'name': 'eric', 'a': 18})
print(v)
# 判断字符串是否只包含数字和字母
print(name.isalnum())
# 判断是否是字母 isalpha
print(name.isalpha())

# 判断是否是数字isdecimal普通点 不支持中文  isdigit不支持中文 isnumeric支持中文  小数都不行哈
# name = "③"
# name = "二"
name = "21.5"
print(name.isdecimal())
print(name.isdigit())
print(name.isnumeric())
# isidentifier  字母  数字 下划线称标识符
a = '_123'
print(a.isidentifier())
# 是否存在不可显示的字符换行制表符 isprintable
test = "adn
aaa"
print(test.isprintable())
# 判断空字符串
test = ""
test = "    "
print(test.isspace())


# 判断是否是标题 英文
test = "i love china"
print(test.title())
print(test.istitle())
#########################################
# 将字符串中的每一个元素按照指定分隔符进行拼接 就是循环
a = '你是风儿我是沙'
s = ' '
v = s.join(a)
k = '_'.join(a)
print(v, k)
# 判断是否是大小写 和  转换为大小写
test = "Eric"
print(test.islower())
print(test.lower())
print(test.isupper())
print(test.upper())
#########################################
# 去除空格 	 
  还可以去除指定的字符 匹配子序列有点像正则都可以
test = "xaeric "
print(test.lstrip('xaahkksdh'))
print(test.rstrip())
print(test.strip())

# 对字符串进行分割 总的来说split用的多些 但是它拿不到被分割的字符
test = "testakdskjkj"
print(test.partition('s'))
print(test.rpartition('s'))
print(test.split('s', 2))
print(test.rsplit('s', 2))
# 结果
# ('te', 's', 'takdskjkj')
# ('testakd', 's', 'kjkj')
# ['te', 'takd', 'kjkj']
# ['te', 'takd', 'kjkj']

test = 'back'
print(test.startswith('b'))
print(test.endswith('k'))

 

class str(object):
    """
    str(object='') -> str
    str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
    
    Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
    errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
    that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
    Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
    or repr(object).
    encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
    errors defaults to 'strict'.
    """
    def capitalize(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        首字母变大写
        name = "nick is good, Today is nice day."
        a = name.capitalize()
                print(a)
        """
        S.capitalize() -> str
        
        Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
        have upper case and the rest lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def casefold(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
                首字母变小写
        name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day.
        a =name.casefold()
                print(a)
        """
        S.casefold() -> str
        
        Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.
        """
        return ""

    def center(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无。
        name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day.
                a = name.center(60,'$')
                print(a)
        """
        S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space)
        """
        return ""

    def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        子序列个数，0到26中n出现了几次。
                name = "nck is good, Today is nice day.
                a = name.count("n",0,26)
                print(a)
        """
        S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
        string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
        interpreted as in slice notation.
        """
        return 0

    def encode(self, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
                编码，针对unicode.
                temp = "烧饼
                temp.encode("unicode")
        """
        S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes
        
        Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding
        is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error
        handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise
        a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and
        'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with
        codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.
        """
        return b""

    def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
        是否以XX结束，0到4是否以k结尾
        name = "nck is good, Today is nice day.
        a = name.endswith("k",0,4)
        print(a)
        """
        S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def expandtabs(self, tabsize=8): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
        将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 
        a = n.expandtabs()
        b = n.expandtabs(16)
        print(a)
        print(b)
        """
        S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str
        
        Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.
        If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.
        """
        return ""

    def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
        寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，返回 -1。
        name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
        a = name.find("nickk")
        print(a)
        """
        S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def format(self, *args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format
        """
    """ 
    字符串格式化，动态参数
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.format()
    print(a)
    """
        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        pass

    def format_map(self, mapping): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        """
        dict = {'Foo': 54.23345}
fmt = "Foo = {Foo:.3f}"
result = fmt.format_map(dict)
print(result)   #Foo = 54.233
"""
        S.format_map(mapping) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
        The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
        """
        return ""

    def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    #子序列位置，如果没有找到就报错
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.index("nick")
    print(a)
    """
        S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def isalnum(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    是否是字母和数字
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isalnum()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isalnum() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isalpha(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    是否是字母
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isalpha()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isalpha() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdecimal(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符。这种方法只存在于unicode对象。
    """
        S.isdecimal() -> bool
        
        Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isdigit(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    是否是数字
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isdigit()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isdigit() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are digits
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isidentifier(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    判断字符串是否可为合法的标识符
        """
S.isidentifier() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a valid identifier according
        to the language definition.
        
        Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers
        such as "def" and "class".
        """
        return False

    def islower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    是否小写 
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.islower()
    print(a)
    """
        S.islower() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isnumeric(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检查是否只有数字字符组成的字符串
    name = "111111111111111”
    a = name.isnumeric()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isnumeric() -> bool
        
        Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,
        False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isprintable(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    判断字符串中所有字符是否都属于可见字符
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.isprintable()
    print(a)
        """
        S.isprintable() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are considered
        printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isspace(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    字符串是否只由空格组成
    name = "  "
    a = name.isspace()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isspace() -> bool
        
        Return True if all characters in S are whitespace
        and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def istitle(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检测字符串中所有的单词拼写首字母是否为大写，且其他字母为小写
    name = "Nick, Today."
    a = name.istitle()
    print(a)
    """
    """
        S.istitle() -> bool
        
        Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one
        character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only
        follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.
        Return False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def isupper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检测字符串中所有的字母是否都为大写
    name = "NICK"
    a = name.isupper()
    print(a)
    """
        S.isupper() -> bool
        
        Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is
        at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.
        """
        return False

    def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    连接两个字符串
    li = ["nick","serven"]
    a = "".join(li)
    b = "_".join(li)
    print(a)
    print(b)
    """
        S.join(iterable) -> str
        
        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""

    def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    向左对齐，右侧填充
    name = "nck is good, Today is nice day. "
    a = name.ljust(66)
    print(a)
    """
        S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def lower(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    容左对齐，右侧填充
    name = "NiNi"
    a = name.lower()
    print(a)
    """
        S.lower() -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.
        """
        return ""

    def lstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 移除左侧空白 """
        S.lstrip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def maketrans(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
    """
    用于创建字符映射的转换表，对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式，第一个参数是字符串，表示需要转换的字符，第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。
    from string import maketrans
    intab = "aeiou"
    outtab = "12345"
    trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab)
    str = "this is string example....wow!!!";
    print str.translate(trantab);
    """
        Return a translation table usable for str.translate().
        
        If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode
        ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.
        Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.
        If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and
        in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the
        character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it
        must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.
        """
        pass

    def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    分割，前，中，后三部分 
    name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
    a = name.partition("good")
    print(a)
    """
        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
        """
        pass

    def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """ 
    替换
    name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
    a = name.replace("good","man")
    print(a)
    """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""

    def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回字符串最后一次出现的位置，如果没有匹配项则返回-1
    """
S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,
        such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional
        arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
        
        Return -1 on failure.
        """
        return 0

    def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回子字符串 str 在字符串中最后出现的位置，如果没有匹配的字符串会报异常
        """
S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int
        
        Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.
        """
        return 0

    def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串。如果指定的长度小于字符串的长度则返回原字符串
        str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
print(str.rjust(50, '$'))
        """
        S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str
        
        Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is
        done using the specified fill character (default is a space).
        """
        return ""

    def rpartition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    根据指定的分隔符将字符串进行分割
    """
        S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)
        
        Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return
        the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the
        separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.
        """
        pass

    def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    指定分隔符对字符串进行切片
    name = "Nick is good, Today is nice day."
    a = name.rsplit("is")
    print(a)
    """
        S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and
        working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string
        is a separator.
        """
        return []

    def rstrip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    删除 string 字符串末尾的指定字符（默认为空格）
    """
        S.rstrip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    通过指定分隔符对字符串进行切片
    str = "Line1-abcdef 
Line2-abc 
Line4-abcd";
    print str.split( );
    print str.split(' ', 1 );
        """
        S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the
        delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit
        splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any
        whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are
        removed from the result.
        """
        return []

    def splitlines(self, keepends=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    按照行分隔，返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表
    """
        S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings
        
        Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.
        Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends
        is given and true.
        """
        return []

    def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    检查字符串是否是以指定子字符串开头，如果是则返回 True，否则返回 False
        """
S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool
        
        Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.
        With optional start, test S beginning at that position.
        With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.
        prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.
        """
        return False

    def strip(self, chars=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    用于移除字符串头尾指定的字符（默认为空格）.
    """
        S.strip([chars]) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing
        whitespace removed.
        If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
        """
        return ""

    def swapcase(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    用于对字符串的大小写字母进行转换
    """
        S.swapcase() -> str
        
        Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase
        and vice versa.
        """
        return ""

    def title(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.title() -> str
        
        Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case
        characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.
        """
        return ""

    def translate(self, table): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.translate(table) -> str
        
        Return a copy of the string S in which each character has been mapped
        through the given translation table. The table must implement
        lookup/indexing via __getitem__, for instance a dictionary or list,
        mapping Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None. If
        this operation raises LookupError, the character is left untouched.
        Characters mapped to None are deleted.
        """
        return ""

    def upper(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    将字符串中的小写字母转为大写字母
    """
        S.upper() -> str
        
        Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.
        """
        return ""

    def zfill(self, width): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    """
    返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0
    """
        S.zfill(width) -> str
        
        Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field
        of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.
        """
        return ""

    def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self+value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return key in self. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __format__(self, format_spec): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.__format__(format_spec) -> str
        
        Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.
        """
        return ""

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self[key]. """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return hash(self). """
        pass

    def __init__(self, value='', encoding=None, errors='strict'): # known special case of str.__init__
        """
        str(object='') -> str
        str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str
        
        Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or
        errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer
        that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.
        Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)
        or repr(object).
        encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().
        errors defaults to 'strict'.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    def __mod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self%value. """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value.n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __rmod__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value%self. """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self*value. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __str__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return str(self). """
        pass

str源码的一些分析操作

4、列表

创建列表：

name_list = ['玛莎拉蒂', '扫地僧人', 'eric']
或者
name_list = list(['玛莎拉蒂', '扫地僧人', 'eric'])

基本操作：

• 索引
• 切片
• 追加
• 删除
• 长度
• 循环
• 包含

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

# 1.列表 list
# 创建列表 通过list类创建对象li
# li = [1, 12, 9, 'age', ['藏獒', 'pang'], 'eric', True]
# 中括号括起来
# ,逗号分隔
# 列表中的元素可以是数字 字符串 列表 布尔值 基本所有的都能放进去
# "集合" 内部放东西

# 2.索引取值
# print(li[2])
# 切片结果仍然是列表
# print(li[2:-3])
# for循环 while循环
# for i in li:
#     print(i)

# 3.修改
# li[1] = 20
# li[1] = [11, 22, 33]
# li[1:3] = [120, 90]
# print(li)

# 4.删除
# del li[1]
# del li[1:3]
# print(li)

# 5.也支持in操作  在列表中的元素这里是以逗号分隔
# 这样肯定输出False
# v = '藏獒' in li
# print(v)

# 6.一层层的找下去
# li = [1, 12, 9, 'age', ['藏獒', 'pang', [1, 22, 9]], 'eric', True]
# v = li[4][2][1]
# print(v)

# 7.字符串转换成列表
# s = 'asjhd'
# new_li = list(s)
# print(new_li)

# 8.列表转字符串  数字+字符串(需要转换下)  字符串（join）
# li = [11, 22, 33, '123', 'eric']
# s = ''
# for i in li:
#     s = s + str(i)
# print(s)
# li = ['123', 'eric']
# print(''.join(li))

# 9.追加   原来基础上追加数字 字符串 列表都行
# li = [11, 22, 33, 44]
# li.append(5)
# print(li)

# 10.清空
# li.clear()
# print(li)

# 11.拷贝 浅拷贝
# v = li.copy()
# print(v)

# 12.计算元素出现的次数
# v = li.count(11)
# print(v)

# 13.扩展原来的列表
# li.extend([98, '不得了'])  # 参数必须是可迭代对象,内部要进行循环
# print(li)

# 14.根据值获取当前值索引 左边优先 一旦找到就不会向下找了
# li = [11, 22, 33, 22, 44, 55]
# v = li.index(22, 2, 5)
# print(v)

#15.在指定位置插入元素
# li = [11, 22, 33, 22, 44, 55]
# li.insert(0, 99)
# print(li)

# 16.pop默认删除某个值，并获取当前值，没指定索引默认从最后一个删除
# li = [11, 22, 33, 22, 44, 55]
# v = li.pop(1)
# print(v)
# print(li)

# 17.删除列表指定值 左边优先
# li = [11, 22, 33, 22, 44, 55]
# li.remove(22)
# v = li.remove(22) 打印为None  因为是原来的列表嘛
# print(li)
# 18.反转
# li = [11, 22, 33, 22, 44, 55]
# li.reverse()
# print(li)

# 19.排序
# li = [11, 22, 33, 22, 44, 55]
# li.sort()  从小到大
# li.sort(reverse=True)  从大到小
# print(li)

列表在内存中存储过程（链表）：

list源码分析：

class list(object):
    """
    list() -> new empty list
    list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
    """
    def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """
        pass

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
        pass

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
        pass

    def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
        Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        pass

    def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
        pass

    def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
        cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
        """
        pass

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass

    def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
        pass

    def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
        """
        list() -> new empty list
        list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass

    def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
                   
                   Use  of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

list

 

5、元组（不可修改）

创建元组：

ages = (11, 22, 33, 44, 55)
ages = tuple((11, 22, 33, 44, 55)) 

lass tuple(object):
    """
    tuple() -> empty tuple
    tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
    
    If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
    """
    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
        return 0

    def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
        Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        """
        return 0

    def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        pass

    def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
                   
                   Use of negative indices is not supported.
        """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
        """
        tuple() -> empty tuple
        tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
        
        If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
        pass

tuple

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-


# 元组 tuple
# 列表  有序 元素可被修改

# tu = (111, "eric", (11, 22), [(33, 44)], True, 44, 55,)
# 1、元组  不可修改，不能被增加或者删除
# 2、索引
# v = tu[0]
# print(v)
# 3、切片
# v = tu[0:3]
# print(v)
# 4、for循环,字符串 列表 元组之间转换  元组也是可迭代对象
# for item in tu:
#     print(item)
# 5、注意：元组的一级元素不能被修改/删除/增加   如果有二级元素就可以修改
# tu = (11, 22, 33, 44,)
# 6、count  index
# v = tu.count(11)
# print(v)
# v = tu.index(22, 0, 3)
# print(v)

 6、字典（无序） 

创建字典：

person = {"name": "mr.sb", 'age': 18}
或
person = dict({"name": "mr.sb", 'age': 18})

常用操作：

• 索引
• 新增
• 删除
• 键、值、键值对
• 循环
• 长度

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-


# 字典 dict
# 1、存储方式是哈希表格
# key:列表、字典不能作为字典的key  布尔值可以作为key哈有些人搞不对
# value:任何都可以   自己创字典例子试把
# 2、字典无序
# info = {
#     "k1": 18,
#     2: True,
#     "k3": [11,
#            22,
#            [],
#            (),
#            33,
#            {
#                "kk1": "vv1",
#                "kk2": "vv2",
#                "kk3": (11, 22),
#            }
#            ],
#     "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44)
# }
# 3、通过索引取值
# print(info)
# v = info["k1"]
# print(v)
# v = info[2]
# print(v)
# v = info["k3"][5]["kk3"][0]
# print(v)
# 4、删除键
# del info["k3"][5]["kk1"]
# print(info)
# 5、for循环
# dict  默认拿key
# for item in info:
#     print(item)
# for item in info.keys():
#     print(item)
# for item in info.values():
#     print(item)
# for item in info.keys():
#     print(item, info[item])
# 这样拿到的是一个个元组
# for item in info.items():
#     print(item)
# for k, v in info.items():
#     print(k, v)


# 方法  清空 浅拷贝
dic = {
    "k1": "v1",
    "k2": "v2"
}
# 创建字典 {'k1': 123, 123: 123, '999': 123}
# v = dict.fromkeys(["k1", 123, "999"], 123)
# print(v)
# v = dic.get('k1111')
# print(v)  # None
# v = dic.pop('k1')
# print(dic, v)
# popitem()随机删除，并获取值
# k, v = dic.popitem()
# print(dic, k, v)
# 设置值 如果存在就不做操作 如果不存在就设置值
# v = dic.setdefault('k3', '123')
# print(dic, v)
# 更新
# dic.update({"k1": "1111", "k3": 123})
# print(dic)
# dic.update(k1=123)
# print(dic)

class dict(object):
    """
    dict() -> new empty dictionary
    dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
        (key, value) pairs
    dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
        d = {}
        for k, v in iterable:
            d[k] = v
    dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
        in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
    """

    def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 清除内容 """
        """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
        pass

    def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 浅拷贝 """
        """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case
    def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
        v defaults to None.
        """
        pass

    def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """
        """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
        pass

    def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 是否有key """
        """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项的列表形式 """
        """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
        return []

    def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 项可迭代 """
        """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
        pass

    def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ key可迭代 """
        """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
        pass

    def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ value可迭代 """
        """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
        pass

    def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的key列表 """
        """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
        return []

    def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
        """
        pass

    def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
        """
        D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
        2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        """
        pass

    def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
        """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
        pass

    def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
        """ 更新
            {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
            [('name','sbsbsb'),]
        """
        """
        D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
        If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
        If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
        In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
        """
        pass

    def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有的值 """
        """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
        return []

    def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
        """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
        pass

    def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
        pass

    def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
        pass

    def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
        return False

    def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
        pass

    def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
        """
        dict() -> new empty dictionary
        dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
            (key, value) pairs
        dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
            d = {}
            for k, v in iterable:
                d[k] = v
        dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
            in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
        pass

    def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
        pass

    def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
        pass

    def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
        pass

    def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

dict

7、集合（set 无序 不重复）

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-


# 集合 set

# 可变类型：值被修改后,id没变（列表，字典）
# 不可变类型：修改变量的值id改变 （字符串,数字,元组）
# 有序：str list tuple
# 无序：dict
# 集合特征：1.不同元素组成（无重复）2.无序3.元素必须是不可变类型
# 创建
# s = set('hello')
# print(s)
# s = {1, 2, 3}
# print(s, type(s))
# 内置方法
# s = {'sb', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
# s.add(7)
# s.clear()
# v = s.copy()
# print(v)
# 无序随机删除
# s.pop()
# 指定删除  remove删除不存在的元素就要报错 discard删除的元素不存在是不会报错
# s.remove('sb')
# s.discard('sbbbbbb')
# print(s)
# python_l = ['sb', 'eric', '藏獒', 'sb']
# linux_l = ['sb', '藏獒', 'erb']
#
# p_s = set(python_l)
# l_s = set(linux_l)
# 求交集
# print(p_s.intersection(l_s))
# print(p_s & l_s)

# 求并集
# print(p_s.union(l_s))
# print(p_s | l_s)

# 求差集
# print(p_s - l_s)
# print(p_s.difference(l_s))

# 交叉补集
# print(p_s.symmetric_difference(l_s))
# print(p_s ^ l_s)

# update更新
# s1 = {1, 2}
# s2 = {1, 2, 3}
# s1.update(s2)
# print(s1)

s = frozenset('hello')  # 不可变，普通集合就是可变类型
print(s)   
# 简单去重的话就用集合操作  如果要求顺序啊哪些就不要用集合了

class set(object):
    """
    set() -> new empty set object
    set(iterable) -> new set object
    
    Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
    """
    def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Add an element to a set.
        
        This has no effect if the element is already present.
        """
        pass

    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements from this set. """
        pass

    def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """
        pass

    def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
        """
        pass

    def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
        pass

    def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
        
        If the element is not a member, do nothing.
        """
        pass

    def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
        """
        pass

    def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
        pass

    def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
        pass

    def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Report whether another set contains this set. """
        pass

    def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Report whether this set contains another set. """
        pass

    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
        Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
        """
        pass

    def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
        
        If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
        """
        pass

    def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
        """
        pass

    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
        pass

    def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the union of sets as a new set.
        
        (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
        """
        pass

    def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
        pass

    def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&value. """
        pass

    def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
        pass

    def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self==value. """
        pass

    def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return getattr(self, name). """
        pass

    def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>=value. """
        pass

    def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self>value. """
        pass

    def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self&=value. """
        pass

    def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__
        """
        set() -> new empty set object
        set(iterable) -> new set object
        
        Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
        # (copied from class doc)
        """
        pass

    def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|=value. """
        pass

    def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-=value. """
        pass

    def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Implement iter(self). """
        pass

    def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^=value. """
        pass

    def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return len(self). """
        pass

    def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<=value. """
        pass

    def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self<value. """
        pass

    @staticmethod # known case of __new__
    def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature. """
        pass

    def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self!=value. """
        pass

    def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self|value. """
        pass

    def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value&self. """
        pass

    def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return state information for pickling. """
        pass

    def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return repr(self). """
        pass

    def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value|self. """
        pass

    def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value-self. """
        pass

    def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return value^self. """
        pass

    def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
        pass

    def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self-value. """
        pass

    def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return self^value. """
        pass

    __hash__ = None

其它

1、for循环

li = [11, 22, 33, 44]
for item in li:
    print(item)

 2、enumrate

为可迭代的对象添加序号

li = [11, 22, 33]
for k, v in enumerate(li, 1):
    print(k, v)

3、range和xrange

指定范围 ，xrange返回的是一个可迭代的对象，range返回的则是一个列表. 同时效率更高，更快。

print(range(1, 10))
# 结果：[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

print(range(1, 10, 2))
# 结果：[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

print(range(30, 0, -2))
# 结果：[30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2]