| 目录 |
场景：
正在按《第一行代码——Android（第3版）》写Kotlin代码，写了一个 HelloWorld， 点击“运行”时报错
错误提示：
> Task :app:processDebugAndroidTestManifest FAILED E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1257258968881101446.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1257258968881101446.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1257258968881101446.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details.
解决思路：
（1）通过以 --debug 选项运行，重新查看更加详细的错误信息 （点击下图 --debug option，将自动再以该选项运行）
（2）得到更加详细的错误提示：
2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging library manifest C:\Users\BensonLaur\.gradle\caches\transforms-3\ee2f476fa0c3550d01ea1b26bf917f27\transformed\monitor-1.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging manifest with lower [androidx.test:monitor:1.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:17:1-24:12 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] uses-sdk defined in both files... 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging uses-sdk with lower [androidx.test:monitor:1.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:20:5-22:41 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging library manifest C:\Users\BensonLaur\.gradle\caches\transforms-3\eba7c60eedbe1207821675fbca04aee1\transformed\espresso-idling-resource-3.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging manifest with lower [androidx.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:3.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:17:1-24:12 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] uses-sdk defined in both files... 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging uses-sdk with lower [androidx.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:3.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:20:5-22:41 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [ERROR] [org.gradle.api.Task] E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [ERROR] [org.gradle.api.Task] E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [ERROR] [org.gradle.api.Task] E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] -- Merging decision tree log ---
（3）分析错误
错误直接来自一个临时文件：tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml （该文件应该是前序步骤生成的，因为是中间文件，思路上不应该直接修改，因为修改了可能也没用）
点击上图错误前的第一个提示的 “AndroidManifest.xml” : espresso-idling-resource-3.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml
进入对应的文件中：
观察到，多个地方提到 使用的 sdk 的问题（uses-sdk），而且具体提示了：uses-sdk defined in both files...
注意到 espresso-idling-resource-3.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml 里面的 targetSdkVersion 是 28
而我自己项目里的 build.gradle 是指定了 targetSdk 31
（4）推测是 sdk 版本兼容问题，将项目 targetSdk 改为 28
问题解决：
解决思路参考：https://blog.csdn.net/Juice_Lover/article/details/120076991