Tf中的SGDOptimizer学习【转载】

转自：https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/train/GradientDescentOptimizer

1.tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer

其中有函数：

1.1apply_gradients

apply_gradients(
    grads_and_vars,
    global_step=None,
    name=None
)

Apply gradients to variables.

This is the second part of minimize(). It returns an Operation that applies gradients.

将梯度应用到变量上。它是minimize函数的第二部分。

1.2compute_gradients

compute_gradients(
    loss,
    var_list=None,
    gate_gradients=GATE_OP,
    aggregation_method=None,
    colocate_gradients_with_ops=False,
    grad_loss=None
)

 Compute gradients of loss for the variables in var_list.

This is the first part of minimize(). It returns a list of (gradient, variable) pairs where "gradient" is the gradient for "variable". Note that "gradient" can be a Tensor, an IndexedSlices, or None if there is no gradient for the given variable.

计算var-list的梯度，它是minimize函数的第一部分，返回的是一个list，对应每个变量都有梯度。准备使用apply_gradient函数更新。

下面重点来了: 

参数：

• loss: A Tensor containing the value to minimize or a callable taking no arguments which returns the value to minimize. When eager execution is enabled it must be a callable.
• var_list: Optional list or tuple of tf.Variable to update to minimize loss. Defaults to the list of variables collected in the graph under the key GraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES.

 loss就是损失函数，没啥了。

 这个第二个参数变量列表通常是不传入的，那么计算谁的梯度呢？上面说，默认的参数列表是计算图中的 GraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES.

 去看这个的API发现：

 tf.GraphKeys

 The following standard keys are defined:

找到TRAINABLE_VARIABLES是：

• TRAINABLE_VARIABLES: the subset of Variable objects that will be trained by an optimizer. Seetf.trainable_variables for more details.

然后再去看：

tf.trainable_variables

tf.trainable_variables(scope=None)

Returns all variables created with trainable=True.

When passed trainable=True, the Variable() constructor automatically adds new variables to the graph collectionGraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES.

This convenience function returns the contents of that collection.

Returns:

A list of Variable objects.

然后再去看一下tf.Variable函数：

tf.Variable

__init__(
    initial_value=None,
    trainable=True,
    collections=None,
    validate_shape=True,
    caching_device=None,
    name=None,
    variable_def=None,
    dtype=None,
    expected_shape=None,
    import_scope=None,
    constraint=None,
    use_resource=None,
    synchronization=tf.VariableSynchronization.AUTO,
    aggregation=tf.VariableAggregation.NONE
)

并且：

• trainable: If True, the default, also adds the variable to the graph collection GraphKeys.TRAINABLE_VARIABLES. This collection is used as the default list of variables to use by the Optimizer classes.

 默认为真，并且加入可训练变量集中，所以：

在word2vec实现中，

with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
      # Look up embeddings for inputs.
      with tf.name_scope('embeddings'):
        embeddings = tf.Variable(
            tf.random_uniform([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], -1.0, 1.0))
        embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)

定义的embeddings应该是可以更新的。怎么更新？：

with tf.name_scope('loss'):
      loss = tf.reduce_mean(
          tf.nn.nce_loss(
              weights=nce_weights,
              biases=nce_biases,
              labels=train_labels,
              inputs=embed,
              num_sampled=num_sampled,
              num_classes=vocabulary_size))

    # Add the loss value as a scalar to summary.
    tf.summary.scalar('loss', loss)

    # Construct the SGD optimizer using a learning rate of 1.0.
    with tf.name_scope('optimizer'):
      optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)

使用SGD随机梯度下降，在minimize损失函数中，应该是会对所有的可训练变量求导，对的，没错一定是这样，所以nec_weights,nce_biases,embeddings都是可更新变量。

都是通过先计算损失函数，求导然后更新变量，在迭代数据计算损失函数，求导更新，

这样来更新的。