复合和继承

这里举一个继承的初始化例子

// reuse/Detergent.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
// Inheritance syntax & properties

class Cleanser {
  private String s = "Cleanser";
  public void append(String a) { s += a; }
  public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); }
  public void apply() { append(" apply()"); }
  public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); }
  @Override
  public String toString() { return s; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Cleanser x = new Cleanser();
    x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub();
    System.out.println(x);
  }
}

public class Detergent extends Cleanser {
  // Change a method:
  @Override
  public void scrub() {
    append(" Detergent.scrub()");
    super.scrub(); // Call base-class version
  }
  // Add methods to the interface:
  public void foam() { append(" foam()"); }
  // Test the new class:
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Detergent x = new Detergent();
    x.dilute();
    x.apply();
    x.scrub();
    x.foam();
    System.out.println(x);
    System.out.println("Testing base class:");
    Cleanser.main(args);
  }
}
/* Output:
Cleanser dilute() apply() Detergent.scrub() scrub()
foam()
Testing base class:
Cleanser dilute() apply() scrub()
*/

继承的类初始化就是 base类先初始化。方法调用的话就是派生类第一优先级。

带参数的构造器

// reuse/Chess.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
// Inheritance, constructors and arguments

class Game {
  Game(int i) {
    System.out.println("Game constructor");
  }
}

class BoardGame extends Game {
  BoardGame(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("BoardGame constructor");
  }
}

public class Chess extends BoardGame {
  Chess() {
    super(11);
    System.out.println("Chess constructor");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Chess x = new Chess();
  }
}
/* Output:
Game constructor
BoardGame constructor
Chess constructor
*/

因为继承的类都有构造器，所以我们需要重写构造器，当我们写一个构造器。为什么我们写一个带参构造函数，却要super，因为派生类的基类也是带参的，初始化顺序又是基类先开始，如果我们不super给基类一个值，岂不是基类就没法初始化了吗。问题事基类不是先初始化，我们怎么先派生类的构造再传值，这是个问题，不过你可以理解为你如果想吃美食，您得先给厨师一个菜谱，因为厨师是美食的基类。当然也有无参的，你比如说学生和老师的知识（大概），我们不需要给老师一个知识单，他就会先备课初始化。。。

委托，真的有人这么用吗？

// reuse/SpaceShipDelegation.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.

public class SpaceShipDelegation {
  private String name;
  private SpaceShipControls controls =
    new SpaceShipControls();
  public SpaceShipDelegation(String name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
  // Delegated methods:
  public void back(int velocity) {
    controls.back(velocity);
  }
  public void down(int velocity) {
    controls.down(velocity);
  }
  public void forward(int velocity) {
    controls.forward(velocity);
  }
  public void left(int velocity) {
    controls.left(velocity);
  }
  public void right(int velocity) {
    controls.right(velocity);
  }
  public void turboBoost() {
    controls.turboBoost();
  }
  public void up(int velocity) {
    controls.up(velocity);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SpaceShipDelegation protector =
      new SpaceShipDelegation("NSEA Protector");
    protector.forward(100);
  }
}

这样的好处就是不用将基类的所有方法都暴露在派生类中。

组合和继承结合

// reuse/PlaceSetting.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
// Combining composition & inheritance

class Plate {
  Plate(int i) {
    System.out.println("Plate constructor");
  }
}

class DinnerPlate extends Plate {
  DinnerPlate(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("DinnerPlate constructor");
  }
}

class Utensil {
  Utensil(int i) {
    System.out.println("Utensil constructor");
  }
}

class Spoon extends Utensil {
  Spoon(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("Spoon constructor");
  }
}

class Fork extends Utensil {
  Fork(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("Fork constructor");
  }
}

class Knife extends Utensil {
  Knife(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("Knife constructor");
  }
}

// A cultural way of doing something:
class Custom {
  Custom(int i) {
    System.out.println("Custom constructor");
  }
}

public class PlaceSetting extends Custom {
  private Spoon sp;
  private Fork frk;
  private Knife kn;
  private DinnerPlate pl;
  public PlaceSetting(int i) {
    super(i + 1);
    sp = new Spoon(i + 2);
    frk = new Fork(i + 3);
    kn = new Knife(i + 4);
    pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5);
    System.out.println("PlaceSetting constructor");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9);
  }
}
/* Output:
Custom constructor
Utensil constructor
Spoon constructor
Utensil constructor
Fork constructor
Utensil constructor
Knife constructor
Plate constructor
DinnerPlate constructor
PlaceSetting constructor
*/

// reuse/CADSystem.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
// Ensuring proper cleanup
// {java reuse.CADSystem}
package reuse;

class Shape {
  Shape(int i) {
    System.out.println("Shape constructor");
  }
  void dispose() {
    System.out.println("Shape dispose");
  }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
  Circle(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("Drawing Circle");
  }
  @Override
  void dispose() {
    System.out.println("Erasing Circle");
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class Triangle extends Shape {
  Triangle(int i) {
    super(i);
    System.out.println("Drawing Triangle");
  }
  @Override
  void dispose() {
    System.out.println("Erasing Triangle");
    super.dispose();
  }
}

class Line extends Shape {
  private int start, end;
  Line(int start, int end) {
    super(start);
    this.start = start;
    this.end = end;
    System.out.println(
      "Drawing Line: " + start + ", " + end);
  }
  @Override
  void dispose() {
    System.out.println(
      "Erasing Line: " + start + ", " + end);
    super.dispose();
  }
}

public class CADSystem extends Shape {
  private Circle c;
  private Triangle t;
  private Line[] lines = new Line[3];
  public CADSystem(int i) {
    super(i + 1);
    for(int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++)
      lines[j] = new Line(j, j*j);
    c = new Circle(1);
    t = new Triangle(1);
    System.out.println("Combined constructor");
  }
  @Override
  public void dispose() {
    System.out.println("CADSystem.dispose()");
    // The order of cleanup is the reverse
    // of the order of initialization:
    t.dispose();
    c.dispose();
    for(int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
      lines[i].dispose();
    super.dispose();
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47);
    try {
      // Code and exception handling...
    } finally {
      x.dispose();
    }
  }
}
/* Output:
Shape constructor
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 0, 0
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 1, 1
Shape constructor
Drawing Line: 2, 4
Shape constructor
Drawing Circle
Shape constructor
Drawing Triangle
Combined constructor
CADSystem.dispose()
Erasing Triangle
Shape dispose
Erasing Circle
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 2, 4
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 1, 1
Shape dispose
Erasing Line: 0, 0
Shape dispose
Shape dispose
*/

这里有个小地方注意就是在new Line[]的时候，并没有创建对象，因为并没有对数组进行初始化，所以还是先走构造。这边一开始也被误解了。这里也还有个GUI的注意地方，我们用语言将进行计算机图形操作的时候，需要在使用完后dispose,典型的一个例子就是Graphics2D。

重写构造

// reuse/Hide.java
// (c)2017 MindView LLC: see Copyright.txt
// We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
// Visit http://OnJava8.com for more book information.
// Overloading a base-class method name in a derived
// class does not hide the base-class versions

class Homer {
  char doh(char c) {
    System.out.println("doh(char)");
    return 'd';
  }
  float doh(float f) {
    System.out.println("doh(float)");
    return 1.0f;
  }
}

class Milhouse {}

class Bart extends Homer {
  void doh(Milhouse m) {
    System.out.println("doh(Milhouse)");
  }
}

public class Hide {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Bart b = new Bart();
    b.doh(1);
    b.doh('x');
    b.doh(1.0f);
    b.doh(new Milhouse());
  }
}
/* Output:
doh(float)
doh(char)
doh(float)
doh(Milhouse)
*/

这里是构造器都是无参的，所以只是个最普通的继承。

组合和继承的选择，我个人比较喜欢组合，当你想在新类中包含一个已有类的功能时，使用组合，而非继承。也就是说，在新类中嵌入一个对象（通常是私有的），以实现其功能。新类的使用者看到的是你所定义的新类的接口，而非嵌入对象的接口。

老生常谈的Car例子

// reuse/Car.java
// Composition with public objects
class Engine {
    public void start() {}
    public void rev() {}
    public void stop() {}
}

class Wheel {
    public void inflate(int psi) {}
}

class Window {
    public void rollup() {}
    pubilc void rolldown() {}
}

class Door {
    public Window window = new Window();

    public void open() {}
    public void close() {}
}

public class Car {
    public Engine engine = new Engine();
    public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4];
    public Door left = new Door(), right = new Door(); // 2-door

    public Car() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            wheel[i] = new Wheel();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car car = new Car();
        car.left.window.rollup();
        car.wheel[0].inflate(72);
    }
}

说到继承就不得不谈向上转型

B extends A

A a = new B();

为什么呢，你说一辆凯迪拉克B算不算一辆汽车A呢，同理奥迪C...这是纯面向对象的理解。

final的用法，常量，参数，方法，比较简单举几个不常见的例子

空白final

// reuse/BlankFinal.java
// "Blank" final fields
class Poppet {
    private int i;

    Poppet(int ii) {
        i = ii;
    }
}

public class BlankFinal {
    private final int i = 0; // Initialized final
    private final int j; // Blank final
    private final Poppet p; // Blank final reference
    // Blank finals MUST be initialized in constructor
    public BlankFinal() {
        j = 1; // Initialize blank final
        p = new Poppet(1); // Init blank final reference
    }

    public BlankFinal(int x) {
        j = x; // Initialize blank final
        p = new Poppet(x); // Init blank final reference
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new BlankFinal();
        new BlankFinal(47);
    }
}

虽然第一时间没有初始化final变量，但是必须要在运行时初始化，否则就出问题了。

final方法虽然有个内嵌调用，但是现代java是禁止这么用的，一般来讲我们只对明确不让派生类重写的方法上final锁

一个容易误解的初始化

// reuse/Beetle.java
// The full process of initialization
class Insect {
    private int i = 9;
    protected int j;

    Insect() {
        System.out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
        j = 39;
    }

    private static int x1 = printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");

    static int printInit(String s) {
        System.out.println(s);
        return 47;
    }
}

public class Beetle extends Insect {
    private int k = printInit("Beetle.k.initialized");

    public Beetle() {
        System.out.println("k = " + k);
        System.out.println("j = " + j);
    }

    private static int x2 = printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Beetle constructor");
        Beetle b = new Beetle();
    }
}

static Insect.x1 initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle constructor
i = 9, j = 0
Beetle.k initialized
k = 47
j = 39

为什么不是先走sout？因为需要先加载，加载的目的主要事static这类的要提前处理，要不怎么不创建就调用static类的数据？这个我一开始也陷入了传统的顺序结构的误区了。