C语言结构体的学习，以及gdb的调式

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define format "%d
%s
%f
%f
%f
"


typedef struct
{
    int num;
    int num2;      
} ble_gap_conn_params_t;

struct student
{
    int num;
    char name[20];
    float score[3];
    ble_gap_conn_params_t * p_teacher;
};


struct student stru2;
ble_gap_conn_params_t m_preferred_conn_params
={0,2};
ble_gap_conn_params_t m_preferred_conn_params1;
void change( struct student* stu );
int main()
{
    struct student stu, p_stu;
    stu.num = 12345;
    strcpy(stu.name, "Tom");
    stu.score[0] = 67.5;
    stu.score[1] = 89;
    stu.score[2] = 78.6;
    stu.p_teacher = &m_preferred_conn_params;
    p_stu = stu;
    printf("p_stu.num = %d
",p_stu.num);
    change(&stu);
    printf(format, stu.num, stu.name, stu.score[0], stu.score[1],stu.score[2]);
    printf("
");
    return 0;
}
 
void change(struct student* p)
{
    stru2 = *p;
    printf("add stru2 = %p
", &stru2);
    printf("add (p) = %p
",p);
    m_preferred_conn_params1 = *p->p_teacher;
    printf("*p.p_teacher = %p
",*p.p_teacher);　　//编译错误
    printf("(*p)->p_teacher = %p
",(*p)->p_teacher);　　//编译错误
    //m_preferred_conn_params1 = (*p).p_teacher;    //error
    //m_preferred_conn_params1 = *p.p_teacher;//error
    printf("m_preferred_conn_params1.num = %d
",m_preferred_conn_params1.num);
    printf("m_preferred_conn_params1.num2 = %d
",m_preferred_conn_params1.num2);
    p->score[0] = 100;
    strcpy(p->name, "jerry");
}

引言：
蓝牙协议栈中，有很多结构体方面的中高级应用，因此特意结合GDB调试来学习一下
详解：
change(&stu);把stu结构体的地址作为函数参数

运行效果：
C:UsersAdministratorDesktop # a.exe
add stru2 = 00405080
add (p) = 0028FEF8
m_preferred_conn_params1.num = 0
m_preferred_conn_params1.num2 = 2
12345
jerry
100.000000
89.000000
78.599998
添加gdb的选项-g

C:UsersAdministratorDesktop # gcc p_stuct.c -Wall -g

Administrator@PC-20150323YSLL C:UsersAdministratorDesktop # gdb a.exe
GNU gdb (GDB) 7.5
Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.  Type "show copying"
and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i686-pc-mingw32".
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
This binary was built by Equation Solution <http://www.Equation.com>...
Reading symbols from C:UsersAdministratorDesktopa.exe...done.
(gdb) l                相当于list
20
21      struct student stru2;
22      ble_gap_conn_params_t m_preferred_conn_params
23      ={0,2};
24      ble_gap_conn_params_t m_preferred_conn_params1;
25      void change( struct student* stu );
26      int main()
27      {
28              struct student stu;
29              stu.num = 12345;
(gdb) b 28                    在程序28行添加断点，否则程序会直接运行下去，无法调试的。
Breakpoint 1 at 0x40135e: file p_stuct.c, line 28.
(gdb) r                    相当于run
Starting program: C:UsersAdministratorDesktopa.exe
[New Thread 976.0x1754]

Breakpoint 1, main () at p_stuct.c:29
29              stu.num = 12345;
(gdb) n            相当于next
30              strcpy(stu.name, "Tom");
(gdb) p stu        打印结构体的内容
$1 = {num = 12345,
  name = "b21iu304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {5.88682122e-039, 6.45602865e-039,
    5.32493416e-044}, p_teacher = 0x2}
(gdb) n
31              stu.score[0] = 67.5;
(gdb) n
32              stu.score[1] = 89;
(gdb) n
33              stu.score[2] = 78.6;
(gdb) n
34              stu.p_teacher = &m_preferred_conn_params;
(gdb) n
35              change(&stu);
(gdb) p stu            赋值后，结构体的内容和程序中一样了。
$2 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}

40
(gdb) bt        查看堆栈信息
#0  main () at p_stuct.c:36
(gdb) p p
No symbol "p" in current context.
(gdb) r
The program being debugged has been started already.
Start it from the beginning? (y or n) y        因为没有进入子函数，所以直接运行后面的代码了。
重新启动调式代码
Starting program: C:UsersAdministratorDesktopa.exe
[New Thread 5260.0x5c8]

Breakpoint 1, main () at p_stuct.c:29
29              stu.num = 12345;
(gdb) n
30              strcpy(stu.name, "Tom");
(gdb) n
31              stu.score[0] = 67.5;
(gdb) n
32              stu.score[1] = 89;
(gdb) n
33              stu.score[2] = 78.6;
(gdb) n
34              stu.p_teacher = &m_preferred_conn_params;
(gdb) p stu
$3 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x2}
(gdb) n
35              change(&stu);
(gdb) p stu
$4 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
(gdb)        直接回车重复上一个的命令
$5 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
(gdb) s            相当于step，会进入子函数
change (p=0x28fef8) at p_stuct.c:43
43              stru2 = *p;    这个语句的意思是传递整个结构，在《c程序设计语言》第二版有写到。
(gdb) l
38              return 0;
39      }
40
41      void change(struct student* p)
42      {
43              stru2 = *p;
44              printf("add stru2 = %p
", &stru2);
45              printf("add (p) = %p
",p);
46              m_preferred_conn_params1 = *p->p_teacher;
47              printf("m_preferred_conn_params1.num = %d
",m_preferred_conn_params1.num);
(gdb) bt
#0  change (p=0x28fef8) at p_stuct.c:43
#1  0x004013a5 in main () at p_stuct.c:35
(gdb) p p        结构体指针p的值，等于stu结构体的地址
$6 = (struct student *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) n
44              printf("add stru2 = %p
", &stru2);
(gdb) l
39      }
40
41      void change(struct student* p)
42      {
43              stru2 = *p;
44              printf("add stru2 = %p
", &stru2);
45              printf("add (p) = %p
",p);
46              m_preferred_conn_params1 = *p->p_teacher;
47              printf("m_preferred_conn_params1.num = %d
",m_preferred_conn_params1.num);
48              printf("m_preferred_conn_params1.num2 = %d
",m_preferred_conn_params1.num2);
(gdb) p stru2        因此stru2的内容和stu的内容是一样的。当然彼此内存地址是不一样的。
$7 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
(gdb) p *p====*p的内容和stu的内容是一样的。只是*pu是指针引用的方式来读取内容，
$8 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
(gdb) p *p.p_teacher
$10 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
    这个打印在gdb中是合法的，等价于*(p.p_teacher),()[] -> .四个优先级是最高的，其实语法书错的，编译后出错：
C:UsersAdministratorDesktopp_stuct.c: In function 'change':
C:UsersAdministratorDesktopp_stuct.c:49:35: error: request for member 'p_tea
cher' in something not a structure or union
  printf("*p.p_teacher = %p
",*p.p_teacher);
因为p的指针，正确的用法是(*p).p_teacher
(gdb) p *p-p        按tab键会有如下提示
p                      printf_p_l
p.1761                 printf_s
p_teacher              printf_s_l
pclose                 purecall
pctype                 putc
perror                 putch
pfnFreeRoutines        putchar
pfnMarshallRoutines    putenv
pfnSizeRoutines        putenv_s
pfnUnmarshallRoutines  puts
pgmptr                 putw
pipe                   putwc
popen                  putwch
pow                    putwchar
printf                 putws
printf_l               pwctype
printf_p
(gdb) p *p->p_teacher    这个打印在gdb，gcc中都是合法的，等价于*(p->p_teacher),()[] -> . 四个优先级是最高的.
$11 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
(gdb) l
49              p->score[0] = 100;
50              strcpy(p->name, "jerry");
51      }
(gdb) n
add stru2 = 00405080
45              printf("add (p) = %p
",p);
(gdb) p p->p_teacher    打印结构体的成员，是一个指向另一结构体的指针
$12 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p *(p->p_teacher)
$13 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
(gdb) p *(p)->p_teacher        这个打印在gdb中也是合法的，多了()效果等于没有加
$14 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
(gdb) p (*p)->p_teacher
$15 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
这个打印在gdb中也是合法的，但gcc编译时错误的，因为语法错误，在dennis经典教材中，没有这样的语法。
C:UsersAdministratorDesktopp_stuct.c: In function 'change':
C:UsersAdministratorDesktopp_stuct.c:50:38: error: invalid type argument of
'->' (have 'struct student')
  printf("(*p)->p_teacher = %p
",(*p)->p_teacher);

(gdb) p m_preferred_conn_params
$17 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
(gdb) p &m_preferred_conn_params
$18 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000        p_teacher的值就是0x402000，说明p_teacher指向这个结构体
通过m_preferred_conn_params1 = *p->p_teacher;结构体m_preferred_conn_params1的内容如下：
(gdb) p &m_preferred_conn_params1
$20 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x405060
(gdb) p m_preferred_conn_params1
$21 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
等价于内存0x402000的内容拷贝到0x405060中。
(gdb) p p->name
$23 = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@"
(gdb) p p->p_teacher
$24 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p *(p->p_teacher)
$25 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
(gdb) p *p->p_teacher
$26 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
上面两个是等价的
(gdb) p (*p)->p_teacher    语法其实是错误的
$27 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p (*p).p_teacher    语法其实是错误的
$29 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p *p.p_teacher    语法其实是错误的
$30 = {num = 0, num2 = 2}
(gdb) p p.p_teacher        语法其实是错误的
$31 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p p->p_teacher
$32 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000

(gdb) p &m_preferred_conn_params1
$35 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x405060
(gdb) p &m_preferred_conn_params
$36 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p p
$37 = (struct student *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) p *p
$38 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}

(gdb) p &(p->p_teacher )
$39 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t **) 0x28ff1c
(gdb) p p
$40 = (struct student *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) x 0x28fef8
0x28fef8:       0x00003039
(gdb) p stu        在子函数是打印main函数中的变量是无效的
No symbol "stu" in current context.
(gdb) display p        另一种打印的方式，可以累加
1: p = (struct student *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) display *p
2: *p = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
(gdb) display        累加之前的打印信息。全都打印出来。可以用undisplay取消打印，Delete all auto-display expressions? (y or n) y
2: *p = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
1: p = (struct student *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) p &p        结构体指针p的地址，其实也就是结构体stu的地址，但两者含义有所不同，一个是真实的结构体，一个是指向结构体的指针
$41 = (struct student **) 0x28fec0
打印每个成员的地址
(gdb) p &(p->num )
$44 = (int *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) p &(p->name )
$45 = (char (*)[20]) 0x28fefc
(gdb) p &(p->score )
$46 = (float (*)[3]) 0x28ff10        0x28ff10-0x28fefc=0x14 = 20个字节，刚好等于char name[20];的大小
(gdb) p &(p->p_teacher)
$47 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t **) 0x28ff1c    0x28ff1c-0x28ff10=0xc，等于12个字节，说明float变量在本系统中是占用4个字节大小。
(gdb) p p
$48 = (struct student *) 0x28fef8
(gdb) p *p
$49 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}
(gdb) p (p->p_teacher)
$50 = (ble_gap_conn_params_t *) 0x402000
(gdb) p stru2
$51 = {num = 12345,
  name = "Tom00304[nu2032@00224377(00n32@",
  score = {67.5, 89, 78.5999985}, p_teacher = 0x402000}

    

学习中，参考了gdb的教程：

https://www.cnblogs.com/klcf0220/p/5627125.html

https://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2879

以及c语句的经典教材《C程序设计语言》第二版

结构体指针：http://www.cnblogs.com/cmyg/p/6910860.html

GDB在学习C语言中很有用，但是要和真正的C语言语法相结合，同时要学会画“内存图”，这样才能理解深入。

学习蓝牙协议栈，发现自己C语言还是需要经常学习的。有很多高级的用法。好的教材要多多看几遍。