oracle10g没有行列转换函数的替代方法（转）

在oracle示例数据库scott下执行

select empno,ename,job,sal,deptno from emp 
order by deptno,job;

--行转列
--现在查询各部门各工种的总薪水

select deptno, job, sum(sal) total_sal from emp 
group by deptno, job order by 1, 2;

--但是这样不直观,如果能够把每个工种作为1列显示就会更一目了然.
--这就是需要行转列。
--在11g之前，需要一点技巧，利用decode函数才能完成这个目标。

select deptno, 
sum(decode(job, 'PRESIDENT', sal, 0)) as PRESIDENT_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'MANAGER', sal, 0)) as MANAGER_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'ANALYST', sal, 0)) as ANALYST_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'CLERK', sal, 0)) as CLERK_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'SALESMAN', sal, 0)) as SALESMAN_SAL 
from emp group by deptno order by 1;　

select deptno, 
sum(case when job='PRESIDENT' then sal else 0 end) as PRESIDENT_SAL, 
sum(case when job='MANAGER' then sal else 0 end) as MANAGER_SAL, 
sum(case when job='ANALYST' then sal else 0 end) as ANALYST_SAL, 
sum(case when job='CLERK' then sal else 0 end) as CLERK_SAL, 
sum(case when job='SALESMAN' then sal else 0 end) as SALESMAN_SAL 
from emp group by deptno order by 1;　

 

--如果要在变回前面的结果，需要用到笛卡尔乘积，一行变五行，然后利用decode。例如：

with t as ( 
select deptno, 
sum(decode(job, 'PRESIDENT', sal, 0)) as PRESIDENT_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'MANAGER', sal, 0)) as MANAGER_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'ANALYST', sal, 0)) as ANALYST_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'CLERK', sal, 0)) as CLERK_SAL, 
sum(decode(job, 'SALESMAN', sal, 0)) as SALESMAN_SAL 
from emp group by deptno 
) 
select deptno, 
decode(lvl, 1, 'PRESIDENT', 2, 'MANAGER', 3, 'ANALYST', 
4, 'CLERK', 5, 'SALESMAN') as JOB, 
decode(lvl, 1, PRESIDENT_SAL, 2, MANAGER_SAL, 3, ANALYST_SAL, 
4, CLERK_SAL, 5, SALESMAN_SAL) as TOTAL_SAL 
from t, (select level lvl from dual connect by level <= 5) 
order by 1, 2;

--11g之后，oracle增加了pivot和unpivot语句，可以很方便的完成这个转换。
--pivot
--先来看看pivot的语法是

SELECT .... 
FROM <table-expr> 
PIVOT 
( 
aggregate-function(<column>) 
FOR <pivot-column> IN (<value1>, <value2>,..., <valuen>) 
) AS <alias> 
WHERE .....

　

select * from 
(select deptno, job, sal from emp) 
pivot( 
sum(sal) for job in ( ---IN后面的值转化为列名 实际转换：sum(case when job='PRESIDENT' then sal else 0 end) as PRESIDENT_SAL
'PRESIDENT' as PRESIDENT_SAL, 
'MANAGER' as MANAGER_SAL, 
'ANALYST' as ANALYST_SAL, 
'CLERK' as CLERK_SAL, 
'SALESMAN' as SALESMAN_SAL 
) 
) order by 1;

--实际上，oracle对pivot子句中出现的列以外的列做了一个隐式的group by.
--现在，如果想要再结果中增加1列，显示部门的薪水总合，可以这么做

select * from 
(select deptno, sum(sal) over (partition by deptno) SAL_TOTAL, job, sal from emp) 
pivot( 
sum(sal) as SAL_TOTAL for job in ( 
'PRESIDENT' as PRESIDENT, 
'MANAGER' as MANAGER, 
'ANALYST' as ANALYST, 
'CLERK' as CLERK, 
'SALESMAN' as SALESMAN 
) 
) order by 1; 

--2点说明，
--1）oracle对pivot子句中出现的列以外的列，也就是deptno和SAL_TOTAL做了隐式的group by.
-- 这里用了分析函数，对于每个deptno，SAL_TOTAL是唯一的，所以group by的结果还是3行。

select * from 
(select deptno, job, sal from emp) 
pivot( 
sum(sal) as SAL_TOTAL, count(sal) as EMP_TOTAL for job in ( --实际转换：sum(case when job='CLERK' then sal else 0 end) as CLERK_SAL_TOTAL
--count(case when job='CLERK' then sale end) as CLERK_EMP_TOTAL
'CLERK' as CLERK, 
'SALESMAN' as SALESMAN 
) 
) order by 1; 　

-2）oracle会拼接列名 = for字句中别名+聚合函数别名，比如'PRESIDENT'+'_'+'SAL_TOTAL'。

--可以指定多个聚合函数，例如统计薪水总合和人数总合：

select deptno,
sum(case when job='CLERK' then sal else 0 end) as CLERK_SAL_TOTAL,
count(case when job='CLERK' then sal end) as CLERK_EMP_TOTAL,
sum(case when job='SALESMAN' then sal else 0 end) as SALESMAN_SAL_TOTAL,
count(case when job='SALESMAN' then sal end) as SALESMAN_EMP_TOTAL
from emp
group by deptno
order by 1;

--for子句可以指定多列，
--为此，先给emp表追加1列rank,取值为'A','B',

alter table emp add (rank varchar2(1) default('A')); 
update emp set rank=decode(mod(rownum, 2), 0, 'B', rank);

select deptno, job, rank, count(sal) as EMP_TOTAL from emp 
group by deptno, job, rank order by 1, 2; 

--现在，想统计SALESMAN和CLERK的员工中，rank A和rank B各自的人数

select * from 
(select deptno, job, rank from emp) 
pivot( 
count(rank) as EMP_TOTAL for (job, rank) in ( --实际转换：sum(case when job='SALESMAN' and rank='A' then count(rank) else 0 end) as SALESMAN_A
('SALESMAN', 'A') as SALESMAN_A, 
('SALESMAN', 'B') as SALESMAN_B, 
('CLERK', 'A') as CLERK_A, 
('CLERK', 'B') as CLERK_B 
) 
) order by 1; 

--列转行
--unpivot的语法：

SELECT .... 
FROM <table-expr> 
UNPIVOT [include nulls|exclude nulls] 
( 
(<column>) 
FOR <pivot-column> IN (<value1>, <value2>,..., <valuen>) 
) AS <alias> 
WHERE .....

--用unpivote语句来做列到行的转换

with t as ( 
select * from 
(select deptno, job, sal from emp) 
pivot( 
sum(sal) for job in ( 
'CLERK' as CLERK_SAL, 
'SALESMAN' as SALESMAN_SAL 
) 
) 
) 
select * from t 
unpivot( 
SAL_TOTAL for JOB in ( --以JOB为列名，存放IN后面的值,SAL_TOTAL为列
CLERK_SAL as 'CLERK', 
SALESMAN_SAL as 'SALESMAN' 
) 
) order by 1,2; 

---如果加上include nulls子句

with t as ( 
select * from 
(select deptno, job, sal from emp) 
pivot( 
sum(sal) for job in ( 
'CLERK' as CLERK_SAL, 
'SALESMAN' as SALESMAN_SAL 
) 
) 
) 
select * from t 
unpivot include nulls( 
SAL_TOTAL for JOB in ( 
CLERK_SAL as 'CLERK', 
SALESMAN_SAL as 'SALESMAN' 
) 
) order by 1,2;

--可以指定多个pivot-column

with t as ( 
select * from 
(select deptno, job, sal from emp) 
pivot( 
sum(sal) as SAL_TOTAL, count(sal) as EMP_TOTAL for job in ( 
'CLERK' as CLERK, 
'SALESMAN' as SALESMAN 
) 
) 
) 
select * from t 
unpivot include nulls( 
(SAL_TOTAL, EMP_TOTAL) for JOB in ( 
(CLERK_SAL_TOTAL, CLERK_EMP_TOTAL) as 'CLERK', 
(SALESMAN_SAL_TOTAL, SALESMAN_EMP_TOTAL) as 'SALESMAN' 
) 
) order by 1,2; 

---返回XML格式数据

select * from 
(select deptno, job, sal from emp) 
pivot XML( 
sum(sal) for job in (ANY) 
) order by 1;