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  • mysql--表的约束

    约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是修饰表的可选参数

    作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性

    主要分为以下几类:

      PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
      FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
      NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
      UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
      AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
      DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值
      UNSIGNED 无符号
      ZEROFILL 使用0填充
      还有一些联合组合使用方法
    说明:
      1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
      2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
      sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
      age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
      3. 是否是key
      主键 primary key
      外键 foreign key
      索引 (index,unique...)
    一:not null 与 default
      是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
      not null-不可空
      null-可空
      
      默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则默认添加默认值

        create table tb1(nid int not null defalut 2,num int not null);
      验证:
        ==================not null====================
        mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
        mysql> desc t1;
        +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
        | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
        +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
        | id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
        +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
        mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空


        mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
        mysql> desc t2;
        +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
        | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
        +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
        | id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
        +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
        mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
        ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value



        ==================default====================
        #设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
        mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
        mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;


      
        ==================综合练习====================
        mysql> create table student(
            -> name varchar(20) not null,
            -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
            -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
            -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
            -> );
        mysql> desc student;
        +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
        | Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
        +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
        | name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
        | age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
        | sex   | enum('male','female')              | YES  |     | male       |       |
        | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES  |     | play,music |       |
        +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
        mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
        mysql> select * from student;
        +------+-----+------+------------+
        | name | age | sex  | hobby      |
        +------+-----+------+------------+
        | egon |  18 | male | play,music |    +------+-----+------+------------+
    unique  
      ============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============   
    方法一:     
      create table department1( id int, name varchar(20)     
      unique, comment varchar(100) );   
    方法二:  
      create table department2( id int, name varchar(20),  
      comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) );  
      mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');  
      Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)   
      mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');   
      ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
      
    not null + unique的化学反应

      mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
      Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

      mysql> desc t1;
      +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
      +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      row in set (0.00 sec

    联合唯一
      create table service(
      id int primary key auto_increment,
      name varchar(20),
      host varchar(15) not null,
      port int not null,
      unique(host,port) #联合唯一
      );

      mysql> insert into service values
          -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
          -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
          -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
          -> ;
      Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
      Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

      mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
      ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
    三 primary key
      

      primary key字段的值不为空且唯一

    
    

      一个表中可以:

    
    

      单列做主键
      多列做主键(复合主键)

      但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key

     单列主键
      ============单列做主键===============
      #方法一:not null+unique
      create table department1(
      id int not null unique, #主键
      name varchar(20) not null unique,
      comment varchar(100)
      );

      mysql> desc department1;
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
      | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
      | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      rows in set (0.01 sec)

      #方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
      create table department2(
      id int primary key, #主键
      name varchar(20),
      comment varchar(100)
      );

      mysql> desc department2;
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
      | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
      | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      rows in set (0.00 sec)

      #方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
      create table department3(
      id int,
      name varchar(20),
      comment varchar(100),
      constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name

      mysql> desc department3;
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
      | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
      | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
      +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      rows in set (0.01 sec)
    多列主键

      ==================多列做主键================
      create table service(
      ip varchar(15),
      port char(5),
      service_name varchar(10) not null,
      primary key(ip,port)
      );


      mysql> desc service;
      +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
      +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      | ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
      | port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
      | service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
      +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
      rows in set (0.00 sec)

      mysql> insert into service values
          -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
          -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
          -> ;
      Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
      Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

      mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
      ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
    四 auto_increment
      约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
    #不指定id,则自动增长
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );

    mysql> desc student;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    mysql> insert into student(name) values
        -> ('egon'),
        -> ('alex')
        -> ;

    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    |  2 | alex | male |
    +----+------+------+


    #也可以指定id
    mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+--------+
    | id | name | sex    |
    +----+------+--------+
    |  1 | egon | male   |
    |  2 | alex | male   |
    |  4 | asb  | female |
    |  7 | wsb  | female |
    +----+------+--------+


    #对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
    mysql> delete from student;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)

    mysql> select * from student;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)

    mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  8 | ysb  | male |
    +----+------+------+

    #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
    mysql> truncate student;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    +----+------+------+
    row in set (0.00 sec)
    步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset
     

    员工信息表有三个字段:工号  姓名  部门

    
    

    公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费

    
    

    解决方法:

    
    

    我们完全可以定义一个部门表

    
    

    然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key

    #表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
    create table department(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null
    )engine=innodb;

    #dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
    create table employee(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    dpt_id int,
    constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
    references department(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
    )engine=innodb;


    #先往父表department中插入记录
    insert into department values
    (1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
    (2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
    (3,'销售部');


    #再往子表employee中插入记录
    insert into employee values
    (1,'egon',1),
    (2,'alex1',2),
    (3,'alex2',2),
    (4,'alex3',2),
    (5,'李坦克',3),
    (6,'刘飞机',3),
    (7,'张火箭',3),
    (8,'林子弹',3),
    (9,'加特林',3)
    ;


    #删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
    mysql> delete from department where id=3;
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | name  | dpt_id |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | egon  |      1 |
    |  2 | alex1 |      2 |
    |  3 | alex2 |      2 |
    |  4 | alex3 |      2 |
    +----+-------+--------+


    #更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
    mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | name  | dpt_id |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | egon  |      1 |
    |  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
    |  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
    |  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
    +----+-------+--------+

    
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/DE_LIU/p/7487958.html
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