Codeforces Round #340 (Div. 2) E. XOR and Favorite Number —— 莫队算法

题目链接：http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/617/E

E. XOR and Favorite Number

time limit per test

4 seconds

memory limit per test

256 megabytes

input

standard input

output

standard output

Bob has a favorite number k and ai of length n. Now he asks you to answer m queries. Each query is given by a pair li and ri and asks you to count the number of pairs of integers i and j, such that l ≤ i ≤ j ≤ r and the xor of the numbers ai, ai + 1, ..., aj is equal to k.

Input

The first line of the input contains integers n, m and k (1 ≤ n, m ≤ 100 000, 0 ≤ k ≤ 1 000 000) — the length of the array, the number of queries and Bob's favorite number respectively.

The second line contains n integers ai (0 ≤ ai ≤ 1 000 000) — Bob's array.

Then m lines follow. The i-th line contains integers li and ri (1 ≤ li ≤ ri ≤ n) — the parameters of the i-th query.

Output

Print m lines, answer the queries in the order they appear in the input.

Examples

input

6 2 3
1 2 1 1 0 3
1 6
3 5

output

7
0

input

5 3 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 5
2 4
1 3

output

9
4
4

Note

In the first sample the suitable pairs of i and j for the first query are: (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 3), (3, 6), (5, 6), (6, 6). Not a single of these pairs is suitable for the second query.

In the second sample xor equals 1 for all subarrays of an odd length.

题意：

给出一个序列，作m此查询，每次查询的内容为：在区间[l, r]内，有多少个子区间的异或和为k？

题解：

莫队算法：解决区间询问的离线方法，时间复杂度：O（n^1.5）。

代码如下：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
const int INF = 2e9;
const LL LNF = 9e18;
const int mod = 1e9+7;
const int maxn = 1e5+10;

int n, m, k, w, a[maxn];
LL sum, ans[maxn], c[2000000];
//a[i]为前缀异或和，c[i]为在当前区间内，前缀异或和（从1开始）为i的个数。
//可知：a[l-1]^a[r] = val[l]^val[l+1]^………^val[r]

struct node
{
    int l, r, id;
    bool operator<(const node &x)const{
        if(l/w==x.l/w) return r<x.r;
        return l/w<x.l/w;
    }
}q[maxn];

void del(int i)
{
    c[a[i]]--;
    sum -= c[a[i]^k];
}

void add(int i)
{
    sum += c[a[i]^k];
    c[a[i]]++;
}

int main()
{
    scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&m,&k);
    for(int i = 1; i<=n; i++)
    {
        scanf("%d",&a[i]);
        a[i] ^= a[i-1];
    }
    for(int i = 1; i<=m; i++)
    {
        scanf("%d%d",&q[i].l,&q[i].r);
        q[i].id = i;
    }

    w = sqrt(n);
    sort(q+1,q+1+m);

    int L = 1, R = 0;
    c[0] = 1, sum = 0;
    for(int i = 1; i<=m; i++)
    {
        while(L<q[i].l) del(L-1), L++;
        while(L>q[i].l) L--, add(L-1);
        while(R<q[i].r) R++, add(R);
        while(R>q[i].r) del(R), R--;
        ans[q[i].id] = sum;
    }

    for(int i = 1; i<=m; i++)
        printf("%lld
",ans[i]);
    return 0;
}