zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • sqllaoshiboke

    数据库篇

    单表查询

    单表查询语法

    SELECT DISTINCT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                                  WHERE 条件
                                  GROUP BY field
                                  HAVING 筛选
                                  ORDER BY field
                                  LIMIT 限制条数
    

    关键字执行的优先级

    from
    where
    group by
    select
    distinct
    having
    order by
    limit
    

    1.找到表:from

    2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录

    3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组

    4.执行select(去重)

    5.将分组的结果进行having过滤

    6.将结果按条件排序:order by

    7.限制结果的显示条数

    简单查询

    company.employee
        员工id      id                  int             
        姓名        emp_name            varchar
        性别        sex                 enum
        年龄        age                 int
        入职日期     hire_date           date
        岗位        post                varchar
        职位描述     post_comment        varchar
        薪水        salary              double
        办公室       office              int
        部门编号     depart_id           int
    
    #创建表
    create table employee(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    emp_name varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary double(15,2),
    office int, #一个部门一个屋子
    depart_id int
    );
    
    #查看表结构
    mysql> desc employee;
    
    #插入记录
    #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    insert into employee(emp_name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
    
    #ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
    
    准备表和记录
    
    #避免重复DISTINCT
        SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;    
    #定义显示格式
       CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
       SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',emp_name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
       FROM employee;
    

    where约束

    where字句中可以使用:

    1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=

    2. between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间

    3. in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100

    4. like 'e%'
          通配符可以是%或_,
          %表示任意多字符
          _表示一个字符

      逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

    any,all

        any,all关键字必须与一个比较操作符一起使用。any关键词可以理解为“对于子查询返回的列中的任一数值,如果比较结果为true,则返回true”。all的意思是“对于子查询返回的列中的所有值,如果比较结果为true,则返回true”
    
       any 可以与=、>、>=、<、<=、<>结合起来使用,分别表示等于、大于、大于等于、小于、小于等于、不等于其中的任何一个数据。
    
       all可以与=、>、>=、<、<=、<>结合是来使用,分别表示等于、大于、大于等于、小于、小于等于、不等于其中的其中的所有数据。
    
    举个例子:
    
    select s1 from t1 where s1 > any (select s1 from t2);
    
    假设any后面的s1返回了三个值,那其实就等价于
    
    select  s1 from t1 where s1 > result1 or s1 > result2 or s2 > result3
    
    1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
    2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
    3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-10000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
    4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
    5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
    6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
    7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
    select name, age from employee where post = 'teacher';
    select name, age from employee where post = 'teacher' AND age>30;
    select name, age from employee where post = 'teacher' AND salary BETWEEN 9000 and 10000;
    select * from employee where post_commit is not null;
    select name, age, salary form employee where post = 'teacher' and salary in (...)
    select name, age, salary form employee where post = 'teacher' and salary not in (...)
    select * from employee where post = 'teacher' and name like = 'jin%';
    

    group by

    单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
        SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
        注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
    
    GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
        SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(emp_name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    
    GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
        select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
    

    强调:

    如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
    多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
    

    聚合函数

    #强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
    
    示例:
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
        SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
        SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
        SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
    
    小练习:
    1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
    2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
    3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
    4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
    5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
    6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
    7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
    select post, group_concat(emp_name) from employee group by post;
    select post, count(id) from employee group by post;
    select sex, count(id) from employee group by sex;
    select post, avg(salary) from employee group by post;
    select post, max(salary) from employee group by post;
    select post, min(salary) from employee group by post;
    select sex, avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
    
    

    HAVING过滤

    HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!

    #!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
    #1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
    #2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
    
    mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
    ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
    mysql> select post,group_concat(emp_name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
    
    小练习:
    1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
    3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
    4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
    select post, group_concat(emp_name), count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
    select post, avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
    select post, avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) < 20000;
    

    ORDER BY 查询排序

    按单列排序
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;
    
    按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
        SELECT * from employee
            ORDER BY age,
            salary DESC;
    

    小练习:

    1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
    2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
    3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
    select * from employee order by age asc, hire_data DESC;
    select post, avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
    select post, avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
    

    LIMIT 限制查询的记录数

    示例:
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
            LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
        
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    
        SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
            LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
    
    小练习:
    1. 分页显示,每页5条
    select * from  employee limit 0,5;
    select * from  employee limit 5,5;
    

    使用正则表达式查询

    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^ale';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';
    
    SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';
    
    
    小结:对字符串匹配的方式
    WHERE emp_name = 'egon';
    WHERE emp_name LIKE 'yua%';
    WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'on$';
    
    小练习:
    查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息	
    select * from employee where emp_name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
    

    多表查询

    多表连接查询

    #重点:外链接语法
    
    SELECT 字段列表
        FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
        ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
    
    
    1 交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
    mysql> select * from employee,department;
    
    | id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源
    
    2 内连接:只连接匹配的行
    #找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
    #department没有204这个部门,因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
    
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; 
    
    
    #上述sql等同于
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
    
    
    3 外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录
    #以左表为准,即找出所有员工信息,当然包括没有部门的员工
    #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
    +----+------------+--------------+
    | id | name       | depart_name  |
    +----+------------+--------------+
    |  1 | egon       | 技术         |
    ....
    |  6 | jingliyang | NULL         |
    +----+------------+--------------+
    
    
    4 外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录
    #以右表为准,即找出所有部门信息,包括没有员工的部门
    #本质就是:在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
    mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
    +------+-----------+--------------+
    | id   | name      | depart_name  |
    +------+-----------+--------------+
    |    1 | egon      | 技术         |
    ....
    | NULL | NULL      | 运营         |
    +------+-----------+--------------+
    
    
    5 全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录
    全外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
    #注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
    #强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
    select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
    union
    select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
    ;
    #查看结果
    +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    | id   | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
    +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    |    1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
    .....
    |    6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL        |
    | NULL | NULL       | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
    +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
    
    #注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
    
    符合条件连接查询
    #示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示
    select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
        where employee.dep_id = department.id
        and age > 25
        order by age asc
    

    子查询

    #1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
    #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
    #3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
    #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
    
    1 带IN关键字的子查询
    #查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
    select id,name from department
        where id in 
            (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
    
    #查看技术部员工姓名
    select name from employee
        where dep_id in 
            (select id from department where name='技术');
    
    #查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
    select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
    
    2 带比较运算符的子查询
    #比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
    #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
    mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
    +---------+------+
    | name    | age  |
    +---------+------+
    | alex    | 48   |
    | wupeiqi | 38   |
    +---------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
    select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
    inner join 
    (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
    on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
    where t1.age > t2.avg_age; 
    
    3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询

    EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
    而是返回一个真假值。True或False
    当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询

    mysql> select * from employee
        ->     where exists
        ->         (select id from department where id=200);
    | id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id |
    +----+------------+--------+------+--------+
    |  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |
    
    #department表中存在dept_id=205,False
    mysql> select * from employee
        ->     where exists
        ->         (select id from department where id=204);
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    删除数据delete
    语法:
        DELETE FROM 表名 
            WHERE CONITION;
    
    示例:
        DELETE FROM mysql.user 
            WHERE password=’’;
    
    删除字段
    3. 删除字段
          ALTER TABLE 表名 
                          DROP 字段名;
    
    删除表
    DROP TABLE 表名;
    
    插入数据insert
    1. 插入完整数据(顺序插入)
        语法一:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);
    
        语法二:
        INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);
    
    2. 指定字段插入数据
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);
    
    3. 插入多条记录
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
            (值1,值2,值3…值n),
            (值1,值2,值3…值n),
            (值1,值2,值3…值n);
            
    4. 插入查询结果
        语法:
        INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) 
                        SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
                        WHERE …;
    
  • 相关阅读:
    关于Hyper-V备份的四大注意事项
    未找到导入的项目,请确认 <Import> 声明中的路径正确
    IDC门外汉-单线、双线、智能多线、BGP的区别
    国内主流云主机比较
    Error : The specified component was not reported by the VSS writer (Error 517) in Windows Server 2012 Backup
    [MSDN] Windows Server 2012 R2 简/繁/英下载
    深入浅出VC++串口编程之基于Win32 API
    Remon Spekreijse CSerialPort串口类的修正版2014-01-10
    Remon Spekreijse CSerialPort用法
    “CObject::operator =”: 无法访问 private 成员(在“CObject”类中声明)
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Doner/p/11530168.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看