java并发编程框架 Executor ExecutorService invokeall

首先介绍两个重要的接口，Executor和ExecutorService，定义如下： 

public interface Executor {
    void execute(Runnable command);
}

public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {
    //不再接受新任务，待所有任务执行完毕后关闭ExecutorService
    void shutdown();
    //不再接受新任务，直接关闭ExecutorService，返回没有执行的任务列表
    List<Runnable> shutdownNow();
    //判断ExecutorService是否关闭
    boolean isShutdown();
    //判断ExecutorService是否终止
    boolean isTerminated();
    //等待ExecutorService到达终止状态
    boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
    <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
    //当task执行成功的时候future.get()返回result
    <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);
    //当task执行成功的时候future.get()返回null
    Future<?> submit(Runnable task);
    //批量提交任务并获得他们的future，Task列表与Future列表一一对应
    <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
        throws InterruptedException;
    //批量提交任务并获得他们的future，并限定处理所有任务的时间
    <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException;
    //批量提交任务并获得一个已经成功执行的任务的结果
    <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;

    <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks,
                    long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

为了配合使用上面的并发编程接口，有一个Executors工厂类，负责创建各类满足ExecutorService接口的线程池，具体如下： 
newFixedThreadPool：创建一个固定长度的线程池，线程池中线程的数量从1增加到最大值后保持不变。如果某个线程坏死掉，将会补充一个新的线程。 
newCachedThreadPool：创建长度不固定的线程池，线程池的规模不受限制，不常用。 
newSingleThreadExecutor：创建一个单线程的Executor，他其中有一个线程来处理任务，如果这个线程坏死掉，将补充一个新线程。 
newScheduledThreadPool：创建固定长度的线程池，以延时或定时的方式来执行任务。 

下面是Executor和ExecutorService中常用方法的示例： 

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Demo{
    public static void main(String [] args){
        //--------Executor示例------------//
        Executor s=Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
        s.execute(new MyRunnableTask("1"));

        //--------ExecutorService示例------------//
        ExecutorService es=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);

        //--------get()示例------------//
        Future<String> future=es.submit(new MyCallableTask("10"));
        try{
            System.out.println(future.get());
        }catch(Exception e){}

        //--------get(timeout, timeunit)示例------------//
        future=es.submit(new MyCallableTask("11"));
        try{
            System.out.println(future.get(500,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
        }catch(Exception e){
            System.out.println("cancle because timeout");
        }

        //--------invokeAll(tasks)示例------------//
        List<MyCallableTask> myCallableTasks=new ArrayList<MyCallableTask>();
        for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
            myCallableTasks.add(new MyCallableTask(i+""));
        }
        try {
            List<Future<String>> results = es.invokeAll(myCallableTasks);
            Iterator<Future<String>> iterator=results.iterator();
            while(iterator.hasNext()){
                future=iterator.next();
                System.out.println(future.get());
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {}

        //--------invokeAll(tasks,timeout,timeunit))示例------------//
        try {
            //限定执行时间为2100ms,每个任务需要1000ms,线程池的长度为2,因此最多只能处理4个任务。一共6个任务，有2个任务会被取消。
            List<Future<String>> results = es.invokeAll(myCallableTasks,2100,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
            Iterator<Future<String>> iterator=results.iterator();
            while(iterator.hasNext()){
                future=iterator.next();
                if(!future.isCancelled())
                    System.out.println(future.get());
                else
                    System.out.println("cancle because timeout");
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {}
        es.shutdown();
    }
}

class MyRunnableTask implements Runnable{
    private String name;
    public MyRunnableTask(String name) {
        this.name=name;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("runnable task--"+name);
    }
}
class MyCallableTask implements Callable<String>{
    private String name;
    public MyCallableTask(String name) {
        this.name=name;
    }
    @Override
    public String call() throws Exception {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
        StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder("callable task--");
        return sb.append(name).toString();
    }
}

上面的ExecutorSerivce接口中的invokeAll(tasks)方法用于批量执行任务，并且将结果按照task列表中的顺序返回。此外，还存在一个批量执行任务的接口CompletionTask。ExecutorCompletionService是实现CompletionService接口的一个类，该类的实现原理很简单： 

用Executor类来执行任务，同时把在执行任务的Future放到BlockingQueue<Future<V>>队列中。该类实现的关键就是重写FutureTask类的done()方法，FutureTask类的done()方法是一个钩子函数（关于钩子函数，请读者自行查询），done()方法在FutureTask任务被执行的时候被调用。 

ExecutorCompletionService类的核心代码如下： 

public Future<V> submit(Runnable task, V result) {
    if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    RunnableFuture<V> f = newTaskFor(task, result);
    executor.execute(new QueueingFuture(f));
    return f;
}
private class QueueingFuture extends FutureTask<Void> {
    QueueingFuture(RunnableFuture<V> task) {
        super(task, null);
        this.task = task;
    }
    protected void done() { completionQueue.add(task); }
    private final Future<V> task;
}

其中的done()方法定义如下： 

/**
    * Protected method invoked when this task transitions to state
    * <tt>isDone</tt> (whether normally or via cancellation). The
    * default implementation does nothing.  Subclasses may override
    * this method to invoke completion callbacks or perform
    * bookkeeping. Note that you can query status inside the
    * implementation of this method to determine whether this task
    * has been cancelled.
    */
   protected void done() { }

ExecutorCompletionService的使用示例如下： 

import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;

public class Demo{
    public static void main(String [] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException{
        CompletionService<String> cs=new ExecutorCompletionService<String>(
                Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
        for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
            cs.submit(new MyCallableTask(i+""));
        }
        for(int i=0;i<6;i++){
            Future<String> future=cs.take();
            //Retrieves and removes the Future representing the next completed task,
            //waiting if none are yet present.
            System.out.println(future.get());
        }
    }
}

class MyCallableTask implements Callable<String>{
    private String name;
    public MyCallableTask(String name) {
        this.name=name;
    }
    @Override
    public String call() throws Exception {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
        StringBuilder sb=new StringBuilder("callable task--");
        return sb.append(name).toString();
    }
}