相信大多数 python 的初学者们都曾为开发环境问题折腾了很久，包管理和 python 不同版本的问题,特别是 window 环境安装个 scrapy 各种报错 ,使用 Anaconda 可以很好的解决一些不必要的学习成本。
Anaconda 概述
Anaconda 是一个用于科学计算的 python发行版，支持 Linux, Mac, Windows系统，提供了包管理与虚拟环境管理的功能，可以很方便地解决多版本 python 并存、切换以及各种第三方包安装问题。可以使用 conda 来进行 package 和 environment 的管理，并且已经包含了 python科学包及其依赖项和相关的配套工具。Anaconda 提供两个不同版本的版本，分别对应 python2.7 和 python 3.x，根据自身的选择就好，后续也可以使用 conda 自由切换 python 的运行环境。
package list
https://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/pkg-docs
conda 包管理
conda 是 Anaconda 下用于包管理（packages）和环境管理（environment）工具，功能上类似 pip 和 virtualenv,pyenv等工具管理虚拟环境的组合。
- 包管理工具:可以使用 conda 来安装、更新 、卸载工具包 ，并且它更关注于数据科学相关的工具包。在安装 Anaconda 时就预先集成了像 numpy、scipy、 pandas、scikit-learn 这些在数据分析中常用的包。另外值得一提的是，conda 并不仅仅管理 python 的工具包，它也能安装非 python 的包。比如在新版的 Anaconda 中就可以安装R语言的集成开发环境 Rstudio。
- 虚拟环境管理:在conda中可以建立多个虚拟环境，用于隔离不同项目所需的不同版本的工具包，以防止版本上的冲突。对纠结于 python 版本的同学们，我们也可以建立 python2 和 python3 两个环境，来分别运行不同版本的 python 代码。
使用 conda 切换 python 运行环境 (对环境变量PATH的替换)
# 创建一个名为 python3 的环境，指定 python 版本是3.6
conda create --name python3 python=3.6
# 创建一个名为 python2 的版本为 python2.7 的环境。
conda create -n python2 python=2.7
# 激活环境
activate python3 # for Windows
source activate python3 # for Linux & Mac
# 验证是否生效
python --version
# 返回默认的环境
deactivate python3 # for Windows
source deactivate python3 # for Linux & Mac
# 删除一个已有的环境
conda remove --name python3 --all
conda 常用命令
# 查看已经安装的packages
conda list
# 升级所有包
conda upgrade --all
# 查找package信息
conda search scrapy
# 安装包 (如果不用-n指定环境名称，则被安装在当前活跃环境)
conda install -n python3 scrapy scikit-learn
# 更新package
conda update -n python3 scrapy
# 删除package
conda remove -n python3 scrapy
# 更新conda
conda update conda
# 更新anaconda
conda update anaconda
# 更新python(将python升级当前最新版本)
conda update python
# 添加tsinghua镜像(conda的配置路径 ~/.condarc(Linux/Mac)或C:UsersUSER_NAME.condarc文件)
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
# 设置搜索地址
conda config --set show_channel_urls yes
# 查询设置结果
conda config --get channels
#安装的包
#Anaconda(https://www.continuum.io/downloads#linux)
wget https://repo.continuum.io/archive/Anaconda3-4.3.1-Linux-x86_64.sh
sudo bash Anaconda3-4.3.1-Linux-x86_64.sh
Anaconda3 will now be installed into this location:
/root/anaconda3
- Press ENTER to confirm the location
- Press CTRL-C to abort the installation
- Or specify a different location below
[/root/anaconda3] >>> ENTER
PREFIX=/opt/ENTER
installing: python-3.6.0-0 ...
installing: _license-1.1-py36_1 ...
installing: alabaster-0.7.9-py36_0 ...
installing: anaconda-client-1.6.0-py36_0 ...
installing: anaconda-navigator-1.5.0-py36_0 ...
installing: anaconda-project-0.4.1-py36_0 ...
installing: astroid-1.4.9-py36_0 ...
installing: astropy-1.3-np111py36_0 ...
installing: babel-2.3.4-py36_0 ...
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installing: numpy-1.11.3-py36_0 ...
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installing: zeromq-4.1.5-0 ...
installing: zlib-1.2.8-3 ...
installing: anaconda-4.3.1-np111py36_0 ...
installing: conda-4.3.14-py36_0 ...
installing: conda-env-2.6.0-0 ...
Python 3.6.0 :: Continuum Analytics, Inc.
creating default environment...
installation finished.
Do you wish the installer to prepend the Anaconda3 install location
to PATH in your /root/.bashrc ? [yes|no]
[no] >>> yes
Prepending PATH=/opt/ENTER/bin to PATH in /root/.bashrc
A backup will be made to: /root/.bashrc-anaconda3.bak
For this change to become active, you have to open a new terminal.
Thank you for installing Anaconda3!
Share your notebooks and packages on Anaconda Cloud!
Sign up for free: https://anaconda.org
# Peter Wang于2015年10月21日在纽约召开的Strata + Hadoop世界2015年会上接受O'reilly出版集团的访谈（练习英语）
http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzAwNDc0MTUxMw==&mid=2649639177&idx=1&sn=2bf4ee8815a7cef0a760771c910c7af8
REFER:
http://conda.pydata.org/docs/_downloads/conda-cheatsheet.pdf
https://www.continuum.io/downloads
https://docs.continuum.io/anaconda
https://conda.io/docs