Java源码学习(JDK 11)——java.lang.Collection

Collection：接口

• AbstractCollection：抽象类

  • AbstractSet：抽象类

    • HashSet：实现 Set 接口

      • LinkedHashSet：实现 Set 接口

    • TreeSet：实现 NavigableSet 接口

  • AbstractList：抽象类

    • ArrayList：实现 List 接口

    • Vector：实现 List 接口

      • Stack

    • AbstractSequentialList：抽象类

      • LinkedList：实现 List 和 Deque 接口

• Set：接口

  • SortedSet：接口

    • NavigableSet：接口

• List：接口

• Queue：接口

  • Deque：接口

Collection

public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> {
    // Query Operations
    int size();
    boolean isEmpty();
    boolean contains(Object o);
    Iterator<E> iterator();
    Object[] toArray();
    <T> T[] toArray(T[] a);

    default <T> T[] toArray(IntFunction<T[]> generator) {
        return toArray(generator.apply(0));
    }

    // Modification Operations
    boolean add(E e);
    boolean remove(Object o);


    // Bulk Operations
    boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c);
    boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c);
    boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c);

    default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
        boolean removed = false;
        final Iterator<E> each = iterator();
        while (each.hasNext()) {
            if (filter.test(each.next())) {
                each.remove();
                removed = true;
            }
        }
        return removed;
    }

    boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c);
    void clear();


    // Comparison and hashing
    boolean equals(Object o);
    int hashCode();

    @Override
    default Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return Spliterators.spliterator(this, 0);
    }

    default Stream<E> stream() {
        return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
    }

    default Stream<E> parallelStream() {
        return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), true);
    }
}

• Collection 实现 Iterable 接口，具有 iterator() 方法，可以迭代。

AbstractCollection

public abstract class AbstractCollection<E> implements Collection<E> {
    protected AbstractCollection() {
    }

    // Query Operations
    public abstract Iterator<E> iterator();
    public abstract int size();

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        Iterator<E> it = iterator();
        if (o==null) {
            while (it.hasNext())
                if (it.next()==null)
                    return true;
        } else {
            while (it.hasNext())
                if (o.equals(it.next()))
                    return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public Object[] toArray() {
        // Estimate size of array; be prepared to see more or fewer elements
        Object[] r = new Object[size()];
        Iterator<E> it = iterator();
        for (int i = 0; i < r.length; i++) {
            if (! it.hasNext()) // fewer elements than expected
                return Arrays.copyOf(r, i);
            r[i] = it.next();
        }
        return it.hasNext() ? finishToArray(r, it) : r;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) { /*...*/ }


    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    // 重新分配数组空间 供 toArray 方法使用
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private static <T> T[] finishToArray(T[] r, Iterator<?> it) {
        int i = r.length;
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            int cap = r.length;
            if (i == cap) {
                int newCap = cap + (cap >> 1) + 1;	// 扩容大小 1.5 倍 + 1
                // overflow-conscious code
                if (newCap - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
                    newCap = hugeCapacity(cap + 1);
                r = Arrays.copyOf(r, newCap);
            }
            r[i++] = (T)it.next();
        }
        // trim if overallocated
        return (i == r.length) ? r : Arrays.copyOf(r, i);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError("Required array size too large");
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

    // Modification Operations

    public boolean add(E e) {	// 支持 add 的 Collection 覆盖该方法 不支持的直接抛出异常
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        Iterator<E> it = iterator();
        if (o==null) {
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                if (it.next()==null) {
                    it.remove();
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                if (o.equals(it.next())) {
                    it.remove();
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }


    // Bulk Operations
    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) { /*...*/ }

    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { /*...*/ }

    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) { /*...*/ }

    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) { /*...*/ }

    public void clear() {
        Iterator<E> it = iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            it.next();
            it.remove();
        }
    }

    //  String conversion
    public String toString() { /*...*/ }
}

• AbstractCollection 提供了几乎所有方法的实现，各种操作基于 iterator() 抽象方法，因此子类只需要实现 iterator() 和 size() 方法，可修改的 Collection 需要提供 add 的实现。

AbstractSet

public abstract class AbstractSet<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements Set<E> {

    protected AbstractSet() {
    }

    // Comparison and hashing

    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o == this)
            return true;

        if (!(o instanceof Set))
            return false;
        Collection<?> c = (Collection<?>) o;
        if (c.size() != size())
            return false;
        try {
            return containsAll(c);
        } catch (ClassCastException | NullPointerException unused) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    public int hashCode() { /*...*/ }

    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(c);
        boolean modified = false;

        if (size() > c.size()) {
            for (Object e : c)
                modified |= remove(e);
        } else {
            for (Iterator<?> i = iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) {
                if (c.contains(i.next())) {
                    i.remove();
                    modified = true;
                }
            }
        }
        return modified;
    }
}

• AbstractSet 覆盖了 hashCode 和 equals 方法，equals 利用 containsAll 来实现。

• AbstractSet 覆盖了 removeAll 方法，对于容量较大的情况不需要使用迭代器。

HashSet

public class HashSet<E>
    extends AbstractSet<E>
    implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    static final long serialVersionUID = -5024744406713321676L;

    // HashSet 内部利用 HashMap 的 keySet() 来实现
    private transient HashMap<E,Object> map;

    // Dummy value to associate with an Object in the backing Map
    // 作为 Map 键值对里的 value
    private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();

    // default initial capacity (16) and load factor (0.75).
    public HashSet() {
        map = new HashMap<>();
    }

    public HashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        map = new HashMap<>(Math.max((int) (c.size()/.75f) + 1, 16));
        addAll(c);
    }

    public HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
    }

    public HashSet(int initialCapacity) {
        map = new HashMap<>(initialCapacity);
    }

    // 提供给 LinkedHashSet 使用
    HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) {
        map = new LinkedHashMap<>(initialCapacity, loadFactor);
    }

    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return map.keySet().iterator();
    }

    public int size() {
        return map.size();
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return map.isEmpty();
    }

    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return map.containsKey(o);
    }

    public boolean add(E e) {
        return map.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
    }

    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return map.remove(o)==PRESENT;
    }

    public void clear() {
        map.clear();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Object clone() { /*...*/ }

    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws java.io.IOException { /*...*/ }

    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { /*...*/ }

    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return new HashMap.KeySpliterator<>(map, 0, -1, 0, 0);
    }
}

• HashSet 内部基于 HashMap 来实现，并覆盖了 add，remove 等方法以提高效率。

LinkedHashSet

public class LinkedHashSet<E>
    extends HashSet<E>
    implements Set<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

    // 构造函数借助于 HashSet 中的 HashSet(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, boolean dummy) 方法
    // 该方法实际创建了一个 LinkedHashMap

    public LinkedHashSet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        super(Math.max(2*c.size(), 11), .75f, true);
        addAll(c);
    }

    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return Spliterators.spliterator(this, Spliterator.DISTINCT | Spliterator.ORDERED);
    }
}

• LinkedHashSet 几乎与 HashSet 完全一致，只是内部借助的是 LinkedHashMap。

• LinkedHashSet 维护了 插入顺序。

TreeSet

public class TreeSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>
    implements NavigableSet<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{

    private transient NavigableMap<E,Object> m;

    private static final Object PRESENT = new Object();

    TreeSet(NavigableMap<E,Object> m) {
        this.m = m;
    }

    // 内部基于 TreeMap
    public TreeSet() {
        this(new TreeMap<>());
    }

    // 构造器

    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return m.navigableKeySet().iterator();
    }

    public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
        return m.descendingKeySet().iterator();
    }

    public NavigableSet<E> descendingSet() {
        return new TreeSet<>(m.descendingMap());
    }

    public int size() {
        return m.size();
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return m.isEmpty();
    }

    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return m.containsKey(o);
    }

    public boolean add(E e) {
        return m.put(e, PRESENT)==null;
    }

    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return m.remove(o)==PRESENT;
    }

    public void clear() {
        m.clear();
    }

    public  boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        // Use linear-time version if applicable
        if (m.size()==0 && c.size() > 0 &&
            c instanceof SortedSet &&
            m instanceof TreeMap) {
            SortedSet<? extends E> set = (SortedSet<? extends E>) c;
            TreeMap<E,Object> map = (TreeMap<E, Object>) m;
            Comparator<?> cc = set.comparator();
            Comparator<? super E> mc = map.comparator();
            if (cc==mc || (cc != null && cc.equals(mc))) {
                map.addAllForTreeSet(set, PRESENT);
                return true;
            }
        }
        return super.addAll(c);
    }

    public NavigableSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, boolean fromInclusive,  E toElement,   boolean toInclusive) {
        return new TreeSet<>(m.subMap(fromElement, fromInclusive, toElement, toInclusive));
    }

    public NavigableSet<E> headSet(E toElement, boolean inclusive) {
        return new TreeSet<>(m.headMap(toElement, inclusive));
    }

    public NavigableSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement, boolean inclusive) {
        return new TreeSet<>(m.tailMap(fromElement, inclusive));
    }

    public SortedSet<E> subSet(E fromElement, E toElement) { return subSet(fromElement, true, toElement, false); }

    public SortedSet<E> headSet(E toElement) { return headSet(toElement, false); }

    public SortedSet<E> tailSet(E fromElement) { return tailSet(fromElement, true); }

    public Comparator<? super E> comparator() { return m.comparator(); }

    public E first() { return m.firstKey(); }

    public E last() { return m.lastKey(); }

    // NavigableSet API methods

    public E lower(E e) { return m.lowerKey(e); }

    public E floor(E e) { return m.floorKey(e); }

    public E ceiling(E e) { return m.ceilingKey(e); }

    public E higher(E e) { return m.higherKey(e); }

    public E pollFirst() {
        Map.Entry<E,?> e = m.pollFirstEntry();
        return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
    }

    public E pollLast() {
        Map.Entry<E,?> e = m.pollLastEntry();
        return (e == null) ? null : e.getKey();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public Object clone() { /*...*/ }

    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) throws java.io.IOException { /*...*/ }

    private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { /*...*/ }

    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return TreeMap.keySpliteratorFor(m);
    }

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -2479143000061671589L;
}

• TreeMap 与 HashMap 实现上区别不大，内部依托于 TreeMap，并实现了 NavigableSet 接口，提供了一系列有序性操作。

• TreeMap 覆盖了 addAll 方法，如果两个有序 set 的比较器相同，可以用线性时间完成。

AbstractList

public abstract class AbstractList<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements List<E> {

    protected AbstractList() {
    }

    public boolean add(E e) {
        add(size(), e);	// 在末尾插入
        return true;
    }

    public abstract E get(int index);

    public E set(int index, E element) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public void add(int index, E element) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public E remove(int index) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }


    // Search Operations

    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        ListIterator<E> it = listIterator();
        if (o==null) {
            while (it.hasNext())
                if (it.next()==null)
                    return it.previousIndex();
        } else {
            while (it.hasNext())
                if (o.equals(it.next()))
                    return it.previousIndex();
        }
        return -1;
    }

    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) { /*...*/ }	// 与 indexOf 类似 从后向前遍历


    // Bulk Operations

    public void clear() {
        removeRange(0, size());
    }

    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);
        boolean modified = false;
        for (E e : c) {
            add(index++, e);
            modified = true;
        }
        return modified;
    }


    // Iterators
    // 借助内部类来实现
    public Iterator<E> iterator() { return new Itr(); }

    public ListIterator<E> listIterator() { return listIterator(0); }

    public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);
        return new ListItr(index);
    }

    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        /**
         * Index of element to be returned by subsequent call to next.
         */
        int cursor = 0;

        /**
         * Index of element returned by most recent call to next or
         * previous.  Reset to -1 if this element is deleted by a call
         * to remove.
         */
        int lastRet = -1;

        /**
         * The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
         * List should have.  If this expectation is violated, the iterator
         * has detected concurrent modification.
         */
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size();
        }

        public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
            try {
                int i = cursor;
                E next = get(i);
                lastRet = i;
                cursor = i + 1;
                return next;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                checkForComodification();
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            }
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                AbstractList.this.remove(lastRet);
                if (lastRet < cursor)
                    cursor--;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
        ListItr(int index) {
            cursor = index;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return cursor != 0;
        }

        public E previous() {
            checkForComodification();
            try {
                int i = cursor - 1;
                E previous = get(i);
                lastRet = cursor = i;
                return previous;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                checkForComodification();
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            }
        }

        public int nextIndex() {
            return cursor;
        }

        public int previousIndex() {
            return cursor-1;
        }

        public void set(E e) {
            if (lastRet < 0)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                AbstractList.this.set(lastRet, e);
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        public void add(E e) {
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                int i = cursor;
                AbstractList.this.add(i, e);
                lastRet = -1;
                cursor = i + 1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }
    }

    public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { // 使用静态内部类实现
        subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size());
        return (this instanceof RandomAccess ? new RandomAccessSubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex) : new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex));
    }

    static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
        if (fromIndex < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
        if (toIndex > size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
        if (fromIndex > toIndex)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
                                               ") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
    }

    // Comparison and hashing

    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o == this)
            return true;
        if (!(o instanceof List))
            return false;

        ListIterator<E> e1 = listIterator();
        ListIterator<?> e2 = ((List<?>) o).listIterator();
        while (e1.hasNext() && e2.hasNext()) {
            E o1 = e1.next();
            Object o2 = e2.next();
            if (!(o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2)))
                return false;
        }
        return !(e1.hasNext() || e2.hasNext());
    }

    public int hashCode() { /*...*/ }

    protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
        ListIterator<E> it = listIterator(fromIndex);
        for (int i=0, n=toIndex-fromIndex; i<n; i++) {
            it.next();
            it.remove();
        }
    }

    // iterator 使用 modCount 值来判断在遍历的过程中是否发生了结构修改
    protected transient int modCount = 0;

    private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index > size())
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
        return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size();
    }

    static final class RandomAccessSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> { /*...*/ }

    private static class SubList<E> extends AbstractList<E> { /*...*/ }

    private static class RandomAccessSubList<E> extends SubList<E> implements RandomAccess { /*...*/ }
}

• AbstractList 内部维护 modCount 来记录结构发生变化的次数，在遍历时，迭代器会判断 modCount 值是否一致，不一致说明出现了并发修改问题。

• AbstractList 有 2 个内部类，Itr，和继承了 Itr 的 ListItr，分别对应 iterator() 和 listIterator() 方法。

• Itr 内部维护 3 个整型变量

  • cursor：记录当前下标，用于遍历操作
  • lastRet：上一个遍历的下标，用于删除操作
  • expectedModCount：预期的 modCount 值，用于判断并发修改问题

• Itr 的遍历操作是通过 get() 实现的。

• ListItr 继承 Itr，提供双向的遍历和从某一下标开始的遍历。

ArrayList

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;

    // 默认初始容量为 10
    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;

    // 空 ArrayList 共享使用
    private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    // 使用默认构造器时使用
    private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};

    // 使用数组存储对象
    transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access

    private int size; // 列表当前容量

    public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
        if (initialCapacity > 0) {
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        } else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
            this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
        } else {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: " + initialCapacity);
        }
    }

    // 默认构造器 数组初始长度为 0 当添加第一个元素时 将数组容量扩充为 10
    public ArrayList() {
        this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
    }

    public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { /*...*/ }

    public void trimToSize() {
        modCount++;
        if (size < elementData.length) {
            elementData = (size == 0) ? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA : Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
        }
    }

    // 确保数组容量不小于 minCapacity
    // 用于在添加元素前使用 减少添加过程中数组扩容消耗的时间
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity > elementData.length
            && !(elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA && minCapacity <= DEFAULT_CAPACITY)) {
        	// 当前为默认构造器构造的空列表 且 minCapacity <= 10 不会扩容
        	// 因为该情况下 加入第一个元素时 容量就会扩大到 10
            modCount++;
            grow(minCapacity);
        }
    }

    private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;

    // 扩容

    private Object[] grow(int minCapacity) {
        return elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity(minCapacity));
    }

    private Object[] grow() {
        return grow(size + 1);
    }

    // minCapacity >= 1.5 * size 扩容到 minCapacity
    // minCapacity <  1.5 * size 扩容 1.5 倍
    // 最少扩容 50%
    private int newCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity <= 0) {
            if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)	// 当前为默认构造器构造的空列表
                return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);		// 至少扩容到 10
            if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
                throw new OutOfMemoryError();
            return minCapacity;
        }
        return (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE <= 0) ? newCapacity : hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
    }

    private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
            throw new OutOfMemoryError();
        return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
    }

    // Positional Access Operations

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    E elementData(int index) {
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    static <E> E elementAt(Object[] es, int index) {
        return (E) es[index];
    }

    public E get(int index) {
        Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
        return elementData(index);
    }

    public E set(int index, E element) {
        Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
        E oldValue = elementData(index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        return oldValue;
    }

    private void add(E e, Object[] elementData, int s) {
        if (s == elementData.length)
            elementData = grow(); // 等价于 grow(size+1) minCapacity = size+1
        elementData[s] = e;
        size = s + 1;
    }

    public boolean add(E e) {
        modCount++;
        add(e, elementData, size);
        return true;
    }

    public void add(int index, E element) {
        rangeCheckForAdd(index);
        modCount++;
        final int s;
        Object[] elementData;
        if ((s = size) == (elementData = this.elementData).length)
            elementData = grow();
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, s - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size = s + 1;
    }

    public E remove(int index) {
        Objects.checkIndex(index, size);
        final Object[] es = elementData;

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E oldValue = (E) es[index];
        fastRemove(es, index);

        return oldValue;
    }

    /**
     * Private remove method that skips bounds checking and does not
     * return the value removed.
     */
    private void fastRemove(Object[] es, int i) {
        modCount++;
        final int newSize;
        if ((newSize = size - 1) > i)
            System.arraycopy(es, i + 1, es, i, newSize - i);
        es[size = newSize] = null;
    }

    // 数组长度不变
    public void clear() {
        modCount++;
        final Object[] es = elementData;
        for (int to = size, i = size = 0; i < to; i++)
            es[i] = null;
    }

    /**
     * An optimized version of AbstractList.Itr
     */
    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> { /*...*/ }

    /**
     * An optimized version of AbstractList.ListItr
     */
    private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> { /*...*/ }

    private static class SubList<E> extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess { /*...*/ }

    @Override
    public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
        final int expectedModCount = modCount;
        final Object[] es = elementData;
        final int size = this.size;
        for (int i = 0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++)
            action.accept(elementAt(es, i));
        if (modCount != expectedModCount)
            throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
    }

    @Override
    public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
        return new ArrayListSpliterator(0, -1, 0);
    }

    /** Index-based split-by-two, lazily initialized Spliterator */
    final class ArrayListSpliterator implements Spliterator<E> { /*...*/ }
}

• ArrayList 扩容机制：数组复制 Arrays.copyOf(T[] original, int newLength) 方法
  添加元素时当前容量等于数组长度：

  • minCapacity = size + 1 调用 grow(minCapacity) 确保扩容后容量至少大 1

    • minCapacity < 1.5 * size 扩容 1.5 倍

    • minCapacity >= 1.5 * size

      • 默认构造器构造的空列表 扩容到 max(minCapacity, 10)
      • 其他情况 扩容到 minCapacity

  即一个默认构造器构造的空列表，第一次添加元素时，数组长度由 0 变为 10，之后按最少 1.5 倍扩容。
  而一个指定了初始容量的列表，每次添加元素时，都按照最少 1.5 倍扩容。

• ArrayList 内部类 Itr 和 ListItr 基于数组的操作实现。

Vector

public class Vector<E>
    extends AbstractList<E>
    implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{

    protected Object[] elementData;

    /**
     * The number of valid components in this {@code Vector} object.
     * Components {@code elementData[0]} through
     * {@code elementData[elementCount-1]} are the actual items.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    protected int elementCount;

    /**
     * The amount by which the capacity of the vector is automatically
     * incremented when its size becomes greater than its capacity.  If
     * the capacity increment is less than or equal to zero, the capacity
     * of the vector is doubled each time it needs to grow.
     *
     * @serial
     */
    protected int capacityIncrement;

    public Vector(int initialCapacity, int capacityIncrement) {
        super();
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        this.capacityIncrement = capacityIncrement;
    }

    public Vector(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, 0);
    }

    public Vector() {
        this(10);
    }


    private void grow(int minCapacity) {
        // overflow-conscious code
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        int newCapacity = oldCapacity + ((capacityIncrement > 0) ?
                                         capacityIncrement : oldCapacity);
        if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
            newCapacity = minCapacity;
        if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
            newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
        elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
    }
}

• Vector 和 ArrayList 很相像，是线程安全版的 ArrayList，方法是 synchronized 修饰的。

• Vector 不指定容量增量的情况下，扩容是将容量翻倍，默认初始容量同样为 10。

Stack

public class Stack<E> extends Vector<E> {

    public Stack() {
    }

    public E push(E item) {
        addElement(item);

        return item;
    }

    public synchronized E pop() {
        E       obj;
        int     len = size();

        obj = peek();
        removeElementAt(len - 1);

        return obj;
    }

    public synchronized E peek() {
        int     len = size();

        if (len == 0)
            throw new EmptyStackException();
        return elementAt(len - 1);
    }

    public boolean empty() {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    public synchronized int search(Object o) {
        int i = lastIndexOf(o);

        if (i >= 0) {
            return size() - i;
        }
        return -1;
    }

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1224463164541339165L;
}

• Stack 继承自 Vector，同样是线程安全的。

AbstractSequentialList

public abstract class AbstractSequentialList<E> extends AbstractList<E> {

    protected AbstractSequentialList() {
    }

    // 通过 ListIterator 实现 ArrayList 是直接取数组元素
    public E get(int index) {
        try {
            return listIterator(index).next();
        } catch (NoSuchElementException exc) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        }
    }

    public E set(int index, E element) {
        try {
            ListIterator<E> e = listIterator(index);
            E oldVal = e.next();
            e.set(element);
            return oldVal;
        } catch (NoSuchElementException exc) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        }
    }

    public void add(int index, E element) {
        try {
            listIterator(index).add(element);
        } catch (NoSuchElementException exc) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        }
    }

    public E remove(int index) {
        try {
            ListIterator<E> e = listIterator(index);
            E outCast = e.next();
            e.remove();
            return outCast;
        } catch (NoSuchElementException exc) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
        }
    }


    // Bulk Operations

    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { /*...*/ }


    // Iterators

    // 返回的是 listIterator
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return listIterator();
    }

    public abstract ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index);
}

• AbstractSequentialList 实现了基本的 add，remove 等方法，都是基于 ListIterator 来实现的。

LinkdedList

public class LinkedList<E>
    extends AbstractSequentialList<E>
    implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{
    transient int size = 0;

    /**
     * Pointer to first node.
     * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
     *            (first.prev == null && first.item != null)
     */
    transient Node<E> first;

    /**
     * Pointer to last node.
     * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
     *            (last.next == null && last.item != null)
     */
    transient Node<E> last;

    /**
     * Constructs an empty list.
     */
    public LinkedList() {
    }

    public LinkedList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        this();
        addAll(c);
    }

    /**
     * Links e as first element.
     */
    private void linkFirst(E e) {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f);
        first = newNode;
        if (f == null)
            last = newNode;
        else
            f.prev = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

    /**
     * Links e as last element.
     */
    void linkLast(E e) { /*...*/ }

    /**
     * Inserts element e before non-null Node succ.
     */
    void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) {
        // assert succ != null;
        final Node<E> pred = succ.prev;
        final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ);
        succ.prev = newNode;
        if (pred == null)
            first = newNode;
        else
            pred.next = newNode;
        size++;
        modCount++;
    }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null first node f.
     */
    private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) {
        // assert f == first && f != null;
        final E element = f.item;
        final Node<E> next = f.next;
        f.item = null;
        f.next = null; // help GC
        first = next;
        if (next == null)
            last = null;
        else
            next.prev = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null last node l.
     */
    private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) { /*...*/ }

    /**
     * Unlinks non-null node x.
     */
    E unlink(Node<E> x) {
        // assert x != null;
        final E element = x.item;
        final Node<E> next = x.next;
        final Node<E> prev = x.prev;

        if (prev == null) {
            first = next;
        } else {
            prev.next = next;
            x.prev = null;
        }

        if (next == null) {
            last = prev;
        } else {
            next.prev = prev;
            x.next = null;
        }

        x.item = null;
        size--;
        modCount++;
        return element;
    }

    public E getFirst() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        if (f == null)
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        return f.item;
    }

    public E getLast() { /*...*/ }

    public E removeFirst() { /*...*/ }

    public E removeLast() { /*...*/ }

    public void addFirst(E e) { /*...*/ }

    public void addLast(E e) { /*...*/ }

    public boolean contains(Object o) {
        return indexOf(o) != -1;
    }

    public int size() { /*...*/ }

    // 尾插
    public boolean add(E e) {
        linkLast(e);
        return true;
    }

    public boolean remove(Object o) {
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (x.item == null) {
                    unlink(x);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (o.equals(x.item)) {
                    unlink(x);
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { /*...*/ }

    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { /*...*/ }
 
    public void clear() {
        // Clearing all of the links between nodes is "unnecessary", but:
        // - helps a generational GC if the discarded nodes inhabit
        //   more than one generation
        // - is sure to free memory even if there is a reachable Iterator
        for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; ) {
            Node<E> next = x.next;
            x.item = null;
            x.next = null;
            x.prev = null;
            x = next;
        }
        first = last = null;
        size = 0;
        modCount++;
    }


    // Positional Access Operations

    public E get(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return node(index).item;
    }

    public E set(int index, E element) { /*...*/ }

    public void add(int index, E element) {
        checkPositionIndex(index);

        if (index == size)
            linkLast(element);
        else
            linkBefore(element, node(index));
    }

    public E remove(int index) {
        checkElementIndex(index);
        return unlink(node(index));
    }

    /**
     * Tells if the argument is the index of an existing element.
     */
    private boolean isElementIndex(int index) {
        return index >= 0 && index < size;
    }

    /**
     * Tells if the argument is the index of a valid position for an
     * iterator or an add operation.
     */
    private boolean isPositionIndex(int index) {
        return index >= 0 && index <= size;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the (non-null) Node at the specified element index.
     */
    Node<E> node(int index) {
        // assert isElementIndex(index);
        // 根据 index 判断结点在链表的前半段还是后半段
        if (index < (size >> 1)) {
            Node<E> x = first;
            for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
                x = x.next;
            return x;
        } else {
            Node<E> x = last;
            for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--)
                x = x.prev;
            return x;
        }
    }

    // Search Operations

    public int indexOf(Object o) {
        int index = 0;
        if (o == null) {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (x.item == null)
                    return index;
                index++;
            }
        } else {
            for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) {
                if (o.equals(x.item))
                    return index;
                index++;
            }
        }
        return -1;
    }

    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) { /*...*/ }

    // Queue operations.

    public E peek() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        return (f == null) ? null : f.item;
    }

    public E element() {
        return getFirst();
    }

    public E poll() {
        final Node<E> f = first;
        return (f == null) ? null : unlinkFirst(f);
    }

    public E remove() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

    public boolean offer(E e) {
        return add(e);
    }

    // Deque operations
    public boolean offerFirst(E e) { /*...*/ }

    public boolean offerLast(E e) { /*...*/ }

    public E peekFirst() { /*...*/ }

    public E peekLast() { /*...*/ }

    public E pollFirst() { /*...*/ }

    public E pollLast() { /*...*/ }

    public void push(E e) {
        addFirst(e);
    }

    public E pop() {
        return removeFirst();
    }

    public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object o) {
        return remove(o);
    }

    public boolean removeLastOccurrence(Object o) { /*...*/ }

    public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
        checkPositionIndex(index);
        return new ListItr(index);
    }

    private class ListItr implements ListIterator<E> {
        private Node<E> lastReturned;
        private Node<E> next;
        private int nextIndex;
        private int expectedModCount = modCount;

        ListItr(int index) {
            // assert isPositionIndex(index);
            next = (index == size) ? null : node(index);
            nextIndex = index;
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return nextIndex < size;
        }

        public E next() {
            checkForComodification();
            if (!hasNext())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();

            lastReturned = next;
            next = next.next;
            nextIndex++;
            return lastReturned.item;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return nextIndex > 0;
        }

        public E previous() {
            checkForComodification();
            if (!hasPrevious())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();

            lastReturned = next = (next == null) ? last : next.prev;
            nextIndex--;
            return lastReturned.item;
        }

        public int nextIndex() {
            return nextIndex;
        }

        public int previousIndex() {
            return nextIndex - 1;
        }

        public void remove() {
            checkForComodification();
            if (lastReturned == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();

            Node<E> lastNext = lastReturned.next;
            unlink(lastReturned);
            if (next == lastReturned)
                next = lastNext;
            else
                nextIndex--;
            lastReturned = null;
            expectedModCount++;
        }

        public void set(E e) {
            if (lastReturned == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();
            lastReturned.item = e;
        }

        public void add(E e) {
            checkForComodification();
            lastReturned = null;
            if (next == null)
                linkLast(e);
            else
                linkBefore(e, next);
            nextIndex++;
            expectedModCount++;
        }

        public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
            while (modCount == expectedModCount && nextIndex < size) {
                action.accept(next.item);
                lastReturned = next;
                next = next.next;
                nextIndex++;
            }
            checkForComodification();
        }

        final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    private static class Node<E> {
        E item;
        Node<E> next;
        Node<E> prev;

        Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) {
            this.item = element;
            this.next = next;
            this.prev = prev;
        }
    }

    public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
        return new DescendingIterator();
    }

    /**
     * Adapter to provide descending iterators via ListItr.previous
     */
    private class DescendingIterator implements Iterator<E> {
        private final ListItr itr = new ListItr(size());
        public boolean hasNext() {
            return itr.hasPrevious();
        }
        public E next() {
            return itr.previous();
        }
        public void remove() {
            itr.remove();
        }
    }
}

• LinkedList 实现了 List，Deque 接口，可以作为列表，队列，双向队列来使用。

• LinkedList 内部类 Node 中三个属性：item，prev，next。

• LinkedList 内部类 ListItr，和 DescendingIterator。DescendingIterator 使用适配器模式，将 ListItr 转化为反向的迭代器。