Tornado 是 FriendFeed 使用的可扩展的非阻塞式 web 服务器及其相关工具的开源版本。这个 Web 框架看起来有些像web.py 或者 Google 的 webapp，不过为了能有效利用非阻塞式服务器环境，这个 Web 框架还包含了一些相关的有用工具 和优化。
Tornado 和现在的主流 Web 服务器框架（包括大多数 Python 的框架）有着明显的区别：它是非阻塞式服务器，而且速度相当快。得利于其 非阻塞的方式和对 epoll 的运用，Tornado 每秒可以处理数以千计的连接，这意味着对于实时 Web 服务来说，Tornado 是一个理想的 Web 框架。我们开发这个 Web 服务器的主要目的就是为了处理 FriendFeed 的实时功能 ——在 FriendFeed 的应用里每一个活动用户都会保持着一个服务器连接。（关于如何扩容 服务器，以处理数以千计的客户端的连接的问题，请参阅 C10K problem。）
pip install tornado
源码安装 https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/t/tornado/tornado-4.3.tar.gz一、快速上手
第一步：执行脚本，监听xxxx端口
第二步：浏览器客户端访问 /index --> http://127.0.0.1:xxxx/index
第三步：服务器接受请求，并交由对应的类处理该请求
第四步：类接受到请求之后，根据请求方式（post / get / delete ...）的不同调用并执行相应的方法
第五步：方法返回值的字符串内容发送浏览器
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 def get(self): 10 self.write("Hello, world") 11 12 application = tornado.web.Application([ 13 ("/index", MainHandler), 14 ]) 15 16 17 if __name__ == "__main__": 18 application.listen(xxxx端口号) 19 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 from tornado import httpclient 7 from tornado.web import asynchronous 8 from tornado import gen 9 10 import uimodules as md 11 import uimethods as mt 12 13 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 14 @asynchronous 15 @gen.coroutine 16 def get(self): 17 print 'start get ' 18 http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient() 19 http.fetch("http://127.0.0.1:8008/post/", self.callback) 20 self.write('end') 21 22 def callback(self, response): 23 print response.body 24 25 settings = { 26 'template_path': 'template', 27 'static_path': 'static', 28 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 29 'ui_methods': mt, 30 'ui_modules': md, 31 } 32 33 application = tornado.web.Application([ 34 (r"/index", MainHandler), 35 ], **settings) 36 37 38 if __name__ == "__main__": 39 application.listen(8009) 40 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
二、路由系统
路由系统其实就是 url 和 类 的对应关系，这里不同于其他框架，其他很多框架均是 url 对应 函数，Tornado中每个url对应的是一个类。
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 3 4 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 5 import tornado.web 6 6 7 7 8 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 9 def get(self): 10 10 self.write("Hello, world") 11 11 12 12 class StoryHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 13 13 def get(self, story_id): 14 14 self.write("You requested the story " + story_id) 15 15 16 16 class BuyHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 17 17 def get(self): 18 18 self.write("buy.xxx.com/index") 19 19 20 20 application = tornado.web.Application([ 21 21 ("/index", MainHandler), 22 22 ("/story/([0-9]+)", StoryHandler), 23 23 ]) 24 24 25 25 application.add_handlers('buy.xxx.com$', [ 26 26 ('/index',BuyHandler), 27 27 ]) 28 28 29 29 if __name__ == "__main__": 30 30 application.listen(80) 31 31 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
三、模板
Tornao中的模板语言和django中类似，模板引擎将模板文件载入内存，然后将数据嵌入其中，最终获取到一个完整的字符串，再将字符串返回给请求者。
Tornado 的模板支持“控制语句”和“表达语句”，控制语句是使用 {% 和 %} 包起来的 例如 {% if len(items) > 2 %}。表达语句是使用 {{ 和 }} 包起来的，例如 {{ items[0] }}。
控制语句和对应的 Python 语句的格式基本完全相同。我们支持 if、for、while 和 try，这些语句逻辑结束的位置需要用 {% end %} 做标记。还通过 extends 和 block 语句实现了模板继承。这些在 template 模块 的代码文档中有着详细的描述。
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> 5 <link href="{{static_url("css/common.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 6 {% block CSS %}{% end %} 7 </head> 8 <body> 9 10 <div class="pg-header"> 11 12 </div> 13 14 {% block RenderBody %}{% end %} 15 16 <script src="{{static_url("js/jquery-3.4.1.js")}}"></script> 17 18 {% block JavaScript %}{% end %} 19 </body> 20 </html>
1 {% extends 'layout.html'%} 2 {% block CSS %} 3 <link href="{{static_url("css/index.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 4 {% end %} 5 6 {% block RenderBody %} 7 <h1>Index</h1> 8 9 <ul> 10 {% for item in li %} 11 <li>{{item}}</li> 12 {% end %} 13 </ul> 14 15 {% end %} 16 17 {% block JavaScript %} 18 19 {% end %}
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 def get(self): 10 self.render('home/index.html') 11 12 settings = { 13 'template_path': 'template', 14 } 15 16 application = tornado.web.Application([ 17 (r"/index", MainHandler), 18 ], **settings) 19 20 21 if __name__ == "__main__": 22 application.listen(80) 23 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
在模板中默认提供了一些函数、字段、类以供模板使用：
escape:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape的別名xhtml_escape:tornado.escape.xhtml_escape的別名url_escape:tornado.escape.url_escape的別名json_encode:tornado.escape.json_encode的別名squeeze:tornado.escape.squeeze的別名linkify:tornado.escape.linkify的別名datetime: Python 的datetime模组handler: 当前的RequestHandler对象request:handler.request的別名current_user:handler.current_user的別名locale:handler.locale的別名_:handler.locale.translate的別名static_url: forhandler.static_url的別名xsrf_form_html:handler.xsrf_form_html的別名
Tornado默认提供的这些功能其实本质上就是 UIMethod 和 UIModule，我们也可以自定义从而实现类似于Django的simple_tag的功能
1、定义
1 # uimethods.py 2 3 def tab(self): 4 return 'UIMethod'
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 from tornado.web import UIModule 4 from tornado import escape 5 6 class custom(UIModule): 7 8 def render(self, *args, **kwargs): 9 return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>xxx</h1>') 10 #return escape.xhtml_escape('<h1>xxx</h1>')
2、注册
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 from tornado.escape import linkify 7 import uimodules as md 8 import uimethods as mt 9 10 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 11 def get(self): 12 self.render('index.html') 13 14 settings = { 15 'template_path': 'template', 16 'static_path': 'static', 17 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 18 'ui_methods': mt, 19 'ui_modules': md, 20 } 21 22 application = tornado.web.Application([ 23 (r"/index", MainHandler), 24 ], **settings) 25 26 27 if __name__ == "__main__": 28 application.listen(8009) 29 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
3、使用
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 7 </head> 8 <body> 9 <h1>hello</h1> 10 {% module custom(123) %} 11 {{ tab() }} 12 </body>
四、实用功能
1、静态文件
对于静态文件，可以配置静态文件的目录和前段使用时的前缀，并且Tornaodo还支持静态文件缓存。
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 def get(self): 10 self.render('home/index.html') 11 12 settings = { 13 'template_path': 'template', 14 'static_path': 'static', 15 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 16 } 17 18 application = tornado.web.Application([ 19 (r"/index", MainHandler), 20 ], **settings) 21 22 23 if __name__ == "__main__": 24 application.listen(80) 25 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head lang="en"> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title></title> 6 <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> 7 </head> 8 <body> 9 <h1>hello</h1> 10 </body> 11 </html>
1 def get_content_version(cls, abspath): 2 """Returns a version string for the resource at the given path. 3 4 This class method may be overridden by subclasses. The 5 default implementation is a hash of the file's contents. 6 7 .. versionadded:: 3.1 8 """ 9 data = cls.get_content(abspath) 10 hasher = hashlib.md5() 11 if isinstance(data, bytes): 12 hasher.update(data) 13 else: 14 for chunk in data: 15 hasher.update(chunk) 16 return hasher.hexdigest()
2、csrf
Tornado和Django中的相似，跨站伪造请求(Cross-site request forgery)
1 settings = { 2 "xsrf_cookies": True, 3 } 4 application = tornado.web.Application([ 5 (r"/", MainHandler), 6 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 7 ], **settings)
1 <form action="/new_message" method="post"> 2 {{ xsrf_form_html() }} 3 <input type="text" name="message"/> 4 <input type="submit" value="Post"/> 5 </form>
1 function getCookie(name) { 2 var r = document.cookie.match("\b" + name + "=([^;]*)\b"); 3 return r ? r[1] : undefined; 4 } 5 6 jQuery.postJSON = function(url, args, callback) { 7 args._xsrf = getCookie("_xsrf"); 8 $.ajax({url: url, data: $.param(args), dataType: "text", type: "POST", 9 success: function(response) { 10 callback(eval("(" + response + ")")); 11 }}); 12 };
3、cookie
Tornado中可以对cookie进行操作，并且还可以对cookie进行签名以放置伪造。
1 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 2 def get(self): 3 if not self.get_cookie("mycookie"): 4 self.set_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") 5 self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") 6 else: 7 self.write("Your cookie was set!")
签名
Cookie 很容易被恶意的客户端伪造。加入你想在 cookie 中保存当前登陆用户的 id 之类的信息，你需要对 cookie 作签名以防止伪造。Tornado 通过 set_secure_cookie 和 get_secure_cookie 方法直接支持了这种功能。 要使用这些方法，你需要在创建应用时提供一个密钥，名字为 cookie_secret。 你可以把它作为一个关键词参数传入应用的设置中
1 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 2 def get(self): 3 if not self.get_secure_cookie("mycookie"): 4 self.set_secure_cookie("mycookie", "myvalue") 5 self.write("Your cookie was not set yet!") 6 else: 7 self.write("Your cookie was set!") 8 9 application = tornado.web.Application([ 10 (r"/", MainHandler), 11 ], cookie_secret="61oETzKXQAGaYdkL5gEmGeJJFuYh7EQnp2XdTP1o/Vo=")
1 def _create_signature_v1(secret, *parts): 2 hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha1) 3 for part in parts: 4 hash.update(utf8(part)) 5 return utf8(hash.hexdigest()) 6 7 8 def _create_signature_v2(secret, s): 9 hash = hmac.new(utf8(secret), digestmod=hashlib.sha256) 10 hash.update(utf8(s)) 11 return utf8(hash.hexdigest())
1 def create_signed_value(secret, name, value, version=None, clock=None, 2 key_version=None): 3 if version is None: 4 version = DEFAULT_SIGNED_VALUE_VERSION 5 if clock is None: 6 clock = time.time 7 8 timestamp = utf8(str(int(clock()))) 9 value = base64.b64encode(utf8(value)) 10 if version == 1: 11 signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, value, timestamp) 12 value = b"|".join([value, timestamp, signature]) 13 return value 14 elif version == 2: 15 # The v2 format consists of a version number and a series of 16 # length-prefixed fields "%d:%s", the last of which is a 17 # signature, all separated by pipes. All numbers are in 18 # decimal format with no leading zeros. The signature is an 19 # HMAC-SHA256 of the whole string up to that point, including 20 # the final pipe. 21 # 22 # The fields are: 23 # - format version (i.e. 2; no length prefix) 24 # - key version (integer, default is 0) 25 # - timestamp (integer seconds since epoch) 26 # - name (not encoded; assumed to be ~alphanumeric) 27 # - value (base64-encoded) 28 # - signature (hex-encoded; no length prefix) 29 def format_field(s): 30 return utf8("%d:" % len(s)) + utf8(s) 31 to_sign = b"|".join([ 32 b"2", 33 format_field(str(key_version or 0)), 34 format_field(timestamp), 35 format_field(name), 36 format_field(value), 37 b'']) 38 39 if isinstance(secret, dict): 40 assert key_version is not None, 'Key version must be set when sign key dict is used' 41 assert version >= 2, 'Version must be at least 2 for key version support' 42 secret = secret[key_version] 43 44 signature = _create_signature_v2(secret, to_sign) 45 return to_sign + signature 46 else: 47 raise ValueError("Unsupported version %d" % version)
1 def _decode_signed_value_v1(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): 2 parts = utf8(value).split(b"|") 3 if len(parts) != 3: 4 return None 5 signature = _create_signature_v1(secret, name, parts[0], parts[1]) 6 if not _time_independent_equals(parts[2], signature): 7 gen_log.warning("Invalid cookie signature %r", value) 8 return None 9 timestamp = int(parts[1]) 10 if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: 11 gen_log.warning("Expired cookie %r", value) 12 return None 13 if timestamp > clock() + 31 * 86400: 14 # _cookie_signature does not hash a delimiter between the 15 # parts of the cookie, so an attacker could transfer trailing 16 # digits from the payload to the timestamp without altering the 17 # signature. For backwards compatibility, sanity-check timestamp 18 # here instead of modifying _cookie_signature. 19 gen_log.warning("Cookie timestamp in future; possible tampering %r", 20 value) 21 return None 22 if parts[1].startswith(b"0"): 23 gen_log.warning("Tampered cookie %r", value) 24 return None 25 try: 26 return base64.b64decode(parts[0]) 27 except Exception: 28 return None 29 30 31 def _decode_fields_v2(value): 32 def _consume_field(s): 33 length, _, rest = s.partition(b':') 34 n = int(length) 35 field_value = rest[:n] 36 # In python 3, indexing bytes returns small integers; we must 37 # use a slice to get a byte string as in python 2. 38 if rest[n:n + 1] != b'|': 39 raise ValueError("malformed v2 signed value field") 40 rest = rest[n + 1:] 41 return field_value, rest 42 43 rest = value[2:] # remove version number 44 key_version, rest = _consume_field(rest) 45 timestamp, rest = _consume_field(rest) 46 name_field, rest = _consume_field(rest) 47 value_field, passed_sig = _consume_field(rest) 48 return int(key_version), timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig 49 50 51 def _decode_signed_value_v2(secret, name, value, max_age_days, clock): 52 try: 53 key_version, timestamp, name_field, value_field, passed_sig = _decode_fields_v2(value) 54 except ValueError: 55 return None 56 signed_string = value[:-len(passed_sig)] 57 58 if isinstance(secret, dict): 59 try: 60 secret = secret[key_version] 61 except KeyError: 62 return None 63 64 expected_sig = _create_signature_v2(secret, signed_string) 65 if not _time_independent_equals(passed_sig, expected_sig): 66 return None 67 if name_field != utf8(name): 68 return None 69 timestamp = int(timestamp) 70 if timestamp < clock() - max_age_days * 86400: 71 # The signature has expired. 72 return None 73 try: 74 return base64.b64decode(value_field) 75 except Exception: 76 return None 77 78 79 def get_signature_key_version(value): 80 value = utf8(value) 81 version = _get_version(value) 82 if version < 2: 83 return None 84 try: 85 key_version, _, _, _, _ = _decode_fields_v2(value) 86 except ValueError: 87 return None 88 89 return key_version
签名Cookie的本质是：
写cookie过程：
- 将值进行base64加密
- 对除值以外的内容进行签名，哈希算法（无法逆向解析）
- 拼接 签名 + 加密值
读cookie过程：
- 读取 签名 + 加密值
- 对签名进行验证
- base64解密，获取值内容
注：许多API验证机制和安全cookie的实现机制相同。
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 8 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 9 10 def get(self): 11 login_user = self.get_secure_cookie("login_user", None) 12 if login_user: 13 self.write(login_user) 14 else: 15 self.redirect('/login') 16 17 18 class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 19 def get(self): 20 self.current_user() 21 22 self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) 23 24 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 25 26 username = self.get_argument('name') 27 password = self.get_argument('pwd') 28 if username == 'ssss' and password == '123': 29 self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', 'sss') 30 self.redirect('/') 31 else: 32 self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) 33 34 settings = { 35 'template_path': 'template', 36 'static_path': 'static', 37 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 38 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh' 39 } 40 41 application = tornado.web.Application([ 42 (r"/index", MainHandler), 43 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 44 ], **settings) 45 46 47 if __name__ == "__main__": 48 application.listen(8888) 49 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 7 class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 8 9 def get_current_user(self): 10 return self.get_secure_cookie("login_user") 11 12 class MainHandler(BaseHandler): 13 14 @tornado.web.authenticated 15 def get(self): 16 login_user = self.current_user 17 self.write(login_user) 18 19 20 21 class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 22 def get(self): 23 self.current_user() 24 25 self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) 26 27 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 28 29 username = self.get_argument('name') 30 password = self.get_argument('pwd') 31 if username == 'ssss' and password == '123': 32 self.set_secure_cookie('login_user', 'sss') 33 self.redirect('/') 34 else: 35 self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) 36 37 settings = { 38 'template_path': 'template', 39 'static_path': 'static', 40 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 41 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 42 'login_url': '/login' 43 } 44 45 application = tornado.web.Application([ 46 (r"/index", MainHandler), 47 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 48 ], **settings) 49 50 51 if __name__ == "__main__": 52 application.listen(8888) 53 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
五、扩展功能
1、自定义Session
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 class Foo(object): 5 6 def __getitem__(self, key): 7 print '__getitem__',key 8 9 def __setitem__(self, key, value): 10 print '__setitem__',key,value 11 12 def __delitem__(self, key): 13 print '__delitem__',key 14 15 16 17 obj = Foo() 18 result = obj['k1'] 19 #obj['k2'] = 'ssss' 20 #del obj['k1']
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 from hashlib import sha1 7 import os, time 8 9 session_container = {} 10 11 create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest() 12 13 14 class Session(object): 15 16 session_id = "__sessionId__" 17 18 def __init__(self, request): 19 session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) 20 if not session_value: 21 self._id = create_session_id() 22 else: 23 self._id = session_value 24 request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id) 25 26 def __getitem__(self, key): 27 return session_container[self._id][key] 28 29 def __setitem__(self, key, value): 30 if session_container.has_key(self._id): 31 session_container[self._id][key] = value 32 else: 33 session_container[self._id] = {key: value} 34 35 def __delitem__(self, key): 36 del session_container[self._id][key] 37 38 39 class BaseHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 40 41 def initialize(self): 42 # my_session['k1']访问 __getitem__ 方法 43 self.my_session = Session(self) 44 45 46 class MainHandler(BaseHandler): 47 48 def get(self): 49 print self.my_session['c_user'] 50 print self.my_session['c_card'] 51 self.write('index') 52 53 class LoginHandler(BaseHandler): 54 55 def get(self): 56 self.render('login.html', **{'status': ''}) 57 58 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 59 60 username = self.get_argument('name') 61 password = self.get_argument('pwd') 62 if username == 'sss' and password == '123': 63 64 self.my_session['c_user'] = 'sss' 65 self.my_session['c_card'] = '12312312309823012' 66 67 self.redirect('/index') 68 else: 69 self.render('login.html', **{'status': '用户名或密码错误'}) 70 71 settings = { 72 'template_path': 'template', 73 'static_path': 'static', 74 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 75 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 76 'login_url': '/login' 77 } 78 79 application = tornado.web.Application([ 80 (r"/index", MainHandler), 81 (r"/login", LoginHandler), 82 ], **settings) 83 84 85 if __name__ == "__main__": 86 application.listen(8888) 87 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
# 一致性哈希 #!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import sys import math from bisect import bisect if sys.version_info >= (2, 5): import hashlib md5_constructor = hashlib.md5 else: import md5 md5_constructor = md5.new class HashRing(object): """一致性哈希""" def __init__(self,nodes): '''初始化 nodes : 初始化的节点，其中包含节点已经节点对应的权重 默认每一个节点有32个虚拟节点 对于权重，通过多创建虚拟节点来实现 如：nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ''' self.ring = dict() self._sorted_keys = [] self.total_weight = 0 self.__generate_circle(nodes) def __generate_circle(self,nodes): for node_info in nodes: self.total_weight += node_info.get('weight',1) for node_info in nodes: weight = node_info.get('weight',1) node = node_info.get('host',None) virtual_node_count = math.floor((32*len(nodes)*weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def add_node(self,node): ''' 新建节点 node : 要添加的节点，格式为：{'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}，其中第一个元素表示节点，第二个元素表示该节点的权重。 ''' node = node.get('host',None) if not node: raise Exception('节点的地址不能为空.') weight = node.get('weight',1) self.total_weight += weight nodes_count = len(self._sorted_keys) + 1 virtual_node_count = math.floor((32 * nodes_count * weight) / self.total_weight) for i in xrange(0,int(virtual_node_count)): key = self.gen_key_thirty_two( '%s-%s' % (node, i) ) if self._sorted_keys.__contains__(key): raise Exception('该节点已经存在.') self.ring[key] = node self._sorted_keys.append(key) def remove_node(self,node): ''' 移除节点 node : 要移除的节点 '127.0.0.1:8000' ''' for key,value in self.ring.items(): if value == node: del self.ring[key] self._sorted_keys.remove(key) def get_node(self,string_key): '''获取 string_key 所在的节点''' pos = self.get_node_pos(string_key) if pos is None: return None return self.ring[ self._sorted_keys[pos]].split(':') def get_node_pos(self,string_key): '''获取 string_key 所在的节点的索引''' if not self.ring: return None key = self.gen_key_thirty_two(string_key) nodes = self._sorted_keys pos = bisect(nodes, key) return pos def gen_key_thirty_two(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return long(m.hexdigest(), 16) def gen_key_sixteen(self,key): b_key = self.__hash_digest(key) return self.__hash_val(b_key, lambda x: x) def __hash_val(self, b_key, entry_fn): return (( b_key[entry_fn(3)] << 24)|(b_key[entry_fn(2)] << 16)|(b_key[entry_fn(1)] << 8)| b_key[entry_fn(0)] ) def __hash_digest(self, key): m = md5_constructor() m.update(key) return map(ord, m.digest()) """ nodes = [ {'host':'127.0.0.1:8000','weight':1}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8001','weight':2}, {'host':'127.0.0.1:8002','weight':1}, ] ring = HashRing(nodes) result = ring.get_node('98708798709870987098709879087') print result """ # session from hashlib import sha1 import os, time create_session_id = lambda: sha1('%s%s' % (os.urandom(16), time.time())).hexdigest() class Session(object): session_id = "__sessionId__" def __init__(self, request): session_value = request.get_cookie(Session.session_id) if not session_value: self._id = create_session_id() else: self._id = session_value request.set_cookie(Session.session_id, self._id) def __getitem__(self, key): # 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP # 找到相对应的redis服务器，如： r = redis.StrictRedis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0) # 使用python redis api 链接 # 获取数据，即： # return self._redis.hget(self._id, name) def __setitem__(self, key, value): # 根据 self._id ，在一致性哈西中找到其对应的服务器IP # 使用python redis api 链接 # 设置session # self._redis.hset(self._id, name, value) def __delitem__(self, key): # 根据 self._id 找到相对应的redis服务器 # 使用python redis api 链接 # 删除，即： return self._redis.hdel(self._id, name)
2、自定义模型版定
模型绑定有两个主要功能：
- 自动生成html表单
- 用户输入验证
在Django中提供了非常便捷的模型绑定功能，但是在Tornado中，一切需要自己动手！！！
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <link href="{{static_url("commons.css")}}" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <h1>hello</h1> <form action="/index" method="post"> <p>hostname: <input type="text" name="host" /> </p> <p>ip: <input type="text" name="ip" /> </p> <p>port: <input type="text" name="port" /> </p> <p>phone: <input type="text" name="phone" /> </p> <input type="submit" /> </form> </body> </html>
1 #!/usr/bin/env python 2 # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 3 4 import tornado.ioloop 5 import tornado.web 6 from hashlib import sha1 7 import os, time 8 import re 9 10 11 class MainForm(object): 12 def __init__(self): 13 self.host = "(.*)" 14 self.ip = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)){3}$" 15 self.port = '(d+)' 16 self.phone = '^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]d{8}$' 17 18 def check_valid(self, request): 19 form_dict = self.__dict__ 20 for key, regular in form_dict.items(): 21 post_value = request.get_argument(key) 22 # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配 23 ret = re.match(regular, post_value) 24 print key,ret,post_value 25 26 27 class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): 28 def get(self): 29 self.render('index.html') 30 def post(self, *args, **kwargs): 31 obj = MainForm() 32 result = obj.check_valid(self) 33 self.write('ok') 34 35 36 37 settings = { 38 'template_path': 'template', 39 'static_path': 'static', 40 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 41 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 42 'login_url': '/login' 43 } 44 45 application = tornado.web.Application([ 46 (r"/index", MainHandler), 47 ], **settings) 48 49 50 if __name__ == "__main__": 51 application.listen(8888) 52 tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
# 由于请求的验证时，需要考虑是否可以为空以及正则表达式的复用 #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import tornado.ioloop import tornado.web import re class Field(object): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict, required): self.id_valid = False self.value = None self.error = None self.name = None self.error_msg = error_msg_dict self.required = required def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: ret = re.match(self.REGULAR, value) if ret: self.id_valid = True self.value = ret.group() else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class IPField(Field): REGULAR = "^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)(.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]d|[0-1]?d?d)){3}$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IPField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class IntegerField(Field): REGULAR = "^d+$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(IntegerField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) class CheckBoxField(Field): def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': 'IP不能为空', 'valid': 'IP格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(CheckBoxField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: if isinstance(name, list): self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name class FileField(Field): REGULAR = "^(w+.pdf)|(w+.mp3)|(w+.py)$" def __init__(self, error_msg_dict=None, required=True): error_msg = {} # {'required': '数字不能为空', 'valid': '数字格式错误'} if error_msg_dict: error_msg.update(error_msg_dict) super(FileField, self).__init__(error_msg_dict=error_msg, required=required) def match(self, name, value): self.name = name self.value = [] if not self.required: self.id_valid = True self.value = value else: if not value: if self.error_msg.get('required', None): self.error = self.error_msg['required'] else: self.error = "%s is required" % name else: m = re.compile(self.REGULAR) if isinstance(value, list): for file_name in value: r = m.match(file_name) if r: self.value.append(r.group()) self.id_valid = True else: self.id_valid = False if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name break else: if self.error_msg.get('valid', None): self.error = self.error_msg['valid'] else: self.error = "%s is invalid" % name def save(self, request, upload_path=""): file_metas = request.files[self.name] for meta in file_metas: file_name = meta['filename'] with open(file_name,'wb') as up: up.write(meta['body']) class Form(object): def __init__(self): self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} self.valid_status = True def validate(self, request, depth=10, pre_key=""): self.initialize() self.__valid(self, request, depth, pre_key) def initialize(self): pass def __valid(self, form_obj, request, depth, pre_key): """ 验证用户表单请求的数据 :param form_obj: Form对象（Form派生类的对象） :param request: Http请求上下文（用于从请求中获取用户提交的值） :param depth: 对Form内容的深度的支持 :param pre_key: Html中name属性值的前缀（多层Form时，内部递归时设置，无需理会） :return: 是否验证通过，True：验证成功；False：验证失败 """ depth -= 1 if depth < 0: return None form_field_dict = form_obj.__dict__ for key, field_obj in form_field_dict.items(): print key,field_obj if isinstance(field_obj, Form) or isinstance(field_obj, Field): if isinstance(field_obj, Form): # 获取以key开头的所有的值，以参数的形式传至 self.__valid(field_obj, request, depth, key) continue if pre_key: key = "%s.%s" % (pre_key, key) if isinstance(field_obj, CheckBoxField): post_value = request.get_arguments(key, None) elif isinstance(field_obj, FileField): post_value = [] file_list = request.request.files.get(key, None) for file_item in file_list: post_value.append(file_item['filename']) else: post_value = request.get_argument(key, None) print post_value # 让提交的数据 和 定义的正则表达式进行匹配 field_obj.match(key, post_value) if field_obj.id_valid: self.value_dict[key] = field_obj.value else: self.error_dict[key] = field_obj.error self.valid_status = False class ListForm(object): def __init__(self, form_type): self.form_type = form_type self.valid_status = True self.value_dict = {} self.error_dict = {} def validate(self, request): name_list = request.request.arguments.keys() + request.request.files.keys() index = 0 flag = False while True: pre_key = "[%d]" % index for name in name_list: if name.startswith(pre_key): flag = True break if flag: form_obj = self.form_type() form_obj.validate(request, depth=10, pre_key="[%d]" % index) if form_obj.valid_status: self.value_dict[index] = form_obj.value_dict else: self.error_dict[index] = form_obj.error_dict self.valid_status = False else: break index += 1 flag = False class MainForm(Form): def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.port = IntegerField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # self.second = SecondForm() self.fff = FileField(required=True) super(MainForm, self).__init__() # # class SecondForm(Form): # # def __init__(self): # self.ip = IPField(required=True) # self.new_ip = IPField(required=True) # # super(SecondForm, self).__init__() class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler): def get(self): self.render('index.html') def post(self, *args, **kwargs): # for i in dir(self.request): # print i # print self.request.arguments # print self.request.files # print self.request.query # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # list_form = ListForm(MainForm) # list_form.validate(self) # # print list_form.valid_status # print list_form.value_dict # print list_form.error_dict # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # # print "验证结果：", obj.valid_status # print "符合验证结果：", obj.value_dict # print "错误信息:" # for key, item in obj.error_dict.items(): # print key,item # print self.get_arguments('favor'),type(self.get_arguments('favor')) # print self.get_argument('favor'),type(self.get_argument('favor')) # print type(self.get_argument('fff')),self.get_argument('fff') # print self.request.files # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # print self.request,type(self.request) # obj.fff.save(self.request) # from tornado.httputil import HTTPServerRequest # name_list = self.request.arguments.keys() + self.request.files.keys() # print name_list # print self.request.files,type(self.request.files) # print len(self.request.files.get('fff')) # obj = MainForm() # obj.validate(self) # print obj.valid_status # print obj.value_dict # print obj.error_dict # obj.fff.save(self.request) self.write('ok') settings = { 'template_path': 'template', 'static_path': 'static', 'static_url_prefix': '/static/', 'cookie_secret': 'aiuasdhflashjdfoiuashdfiuh', 'login_url': '/login' } application = tornado.web.Application([ (r"/index", MainHandler), ], **settings) if __name__ == "__main__": application.listen(8888) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()