ROS 2 Foxy Fitzroy（以下简称Foxy）于2020年6月5日正式发布了，是LTS版本，支持到2023年5月。本文主要根据官方的编译安装教程[1]完成，并记录编译过程中遇到的问题。
1. 系统要求
在官方给出的Foxy目标系统中，Ubuntu Linux - Focal Fossa (20.04) 64位是首选，本文也选择Ubuntu 20.04 64位，其他还包括Debian Linux - Buster (10)、Fedora 32、Arch Linux、OpenEmbedded / webOS OSE，但Foxy还没有充分测试，不推荐使用。
2. 系统设置
(1) 设置locale
确保系统locale支持UTF-8，在终端运行locale查看。
如果不支持UTF-8，运行以下代码
sudo locale-gen en_US en_US.UTF-8 sudo update-locale LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
(2) 添加ROS 2 apt仓库
1) 用apt命令认证GPG key
sudo apt update && sudo apt install curl gnupg2 lsb-release curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.asc | sudo apt-key add -
此时可能会遇到ros.asc无法下载的问题。
问题1：ERROR: unable to process source https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/ros.asc 之类的错误，可能是因为raw.githubusercontent.com网站被墙了。解决方法：修改hosts文件，添加这个网站的ip地址[2]。#打开hosts文件sudo gedit /etc/hosts#在文件末尾添加151.101.84.133 raw.githubusercontent.com
2) 添加仓库到源列表中
推荐使用国内清华ROS 2镜像：
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ros2/ubuntu/ `lsb_release -cs` main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros2-latest.list'
也可以使用官方ROS 2仓库，速度可能会慢。
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://packages.ros.org/ros2/ubuntu `lsb_release -cs` main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros2-latest.list'
(3) 安装开发工具和ROS工具
sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y build-essential cmake git libbullet-dev python3-colcon-common-extensions python3-flake8 python3-pip python3-pytest-cov python3-rosdep python3-setuptools python3-vcstool wget # install some pip packages needed for testing python3 -m pip install -U argcomplete flake8-blind-except flake8-builtins flake8-class-newline flake8-comprehensions flake8-deprecated flake8-docstrings flake8-import-order flake8-quotes pytest-repeat pytest-rerunfailures pytest # install Fast-RTPS dependencies sudo apt install --no-install-recommends -y libasio-dev libtinyxml2-dev # install Cyclone DDS dependencies sudo apt install --no-install-recommends -y libcunit1-dev
3. 获取ROS 2代码
创建工作空间，并获取ROS 2代码。
mkdir -p ~/ros2_foxy/src cd ~/ros2_foxy wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros2/ros2/foxy/ros2.repos vcs import src < ros2.repos
如果Fast-DDS无法正常下载，自行下载解压到~/ros2_foxy/src/eProsima/Fast-DDS。
https://github.com/eProsima/Fast-DDS
4. 使用rosdep安装依赖
sudo rosdep init rosdep update rosdep install --from-paths src --ignore-src --rosdistro foxy -y --skip-keys "console_bridge fastcdr fastrtps rti-connext-dds-5.3.1 urdfdom_headers"
5. 编译ROS 2
cd ~/ros2_foxy/ colcon build --symlink-install
编译过程中遇到的问题如下：
问题2： ImportError: "from catkin_pkg.package import parse_package" failed: No module named catkin_pkg.package解决方法[3]：pip install catkin_pkg
问题3： importError: No module named em解决方法[4]：python -m pip install empy
问题4： importError: No module named lark解决方法[5]：python -m pip install lark-parser
问题5： can not locate Clang's built-in include directory解决方法[6]：重装shiboken2 sudo apt remove shiboken2 libshiboken2-dev libshiboken2-py3-5.14 pip3 install --user shiboken2
问题6： 几处因为ExternalProject_Add下载卡住的地方，修改对应的CMakeLists.txt。解决方法： (1) ~/ros2_foxy/src/ros2/rosbag2/shared_queues_vendor/CMakeLists.txt, 8-33行
ExternalProject_Add(ext-singleproducerconsumer PREFIX singleproducerconsumer #DOWNLOAD_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/download #URL https://github.com/cameron314/readerwriterqueue/archive/ef7dfbf553288064347d51b8ac335f1ca489032a.zip #自行修改 `path-to-file', zip文件见附件readerwriterqueue-ef7dfbf553288064347d51b8ac335f1ca489032a.zip URL /path-to-file/readerwriterqueue-ef7dfbf553288064347d51b8ac335f1ca489032a.zip URL_MD5 64c673dd381b8fae9254053ad7b2be4d #TIMEOUT 60 INSTALL_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND "" ) # Concurrent and blocking concurrent queue by moodycamel - header only, don't build, install ExternalProject_Add(ext-concurrentqueue PREFIX concurrentqueue #DOWNLOAD_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/download #URL https://github.com/cameron314/concurrentqueue/archive/8f65a8734d77c3cc00d74c0532efca872931d3ce.zip # 自行修改 `path-to-file', zip文件见附件concurrentqueue-8f65a8734d77c3cc00d74c0532efca872931d3ce.zip URL /path-to-file/concurrentqueue-8f65a8734d77c3cc00d74c0532efca872931d3ce.zip URL_MD5 71a0d932cc89150c2ade85f0d9cac9dc #TIMEOUT 60 INSTALL_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR} CONFIGURE_COMMAND "" BUILD_COMMAND "" INSTALL_COMMAND "" )
（2） ~/ros2_foxy/src/ros2/rviz/rviz_ogre_vendor/CMakeLists.txt 83-94行
ExternalProject_Add(zlib-1.2.11 #URL https://www.zlib.net/fossils/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz #自行修改 `path-to-file', zip文件见附件zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz URL /path-to-file/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz URL_MD5 1c9f62f0778697a09d36121ead88e08e #TIMEOUT 600 LOG_CONFIGURE ${should_log} LOG_BUILD ${should_log} CMAKE_ARGS -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/zlib-install ${extra_cmake_args} -Wno-dev )
156-186行
ExternalProject_Add(ogre-v1.12.1 # URL https://github.com/OGRECave/ogre/archive/v1.12.1.zip #自行修改 `path-to-file', zip文件见附件external_projects/ogre-1.12.1.zip URL /path-to-file/ogre-1.12.1.zip URL_MD5 cdbea4006d223c173e0a93864111b936 # TIMEOUT 1200 LOG_CONFIGURE ${should_log} LOG_BUILD ${should_log} CMAKE_ARGS -DOGRE_STATIC:BOOL=OFF -DOGRE_DEPENDENCIES_DIR=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ogredeps -DOGRE_INSTALL_PDB:BOOL=OFF -DOGRE_BUILD_DEPENDENCIES:BOOL=OFF -DOGRE_BUILD_TESTS:BOOL=OFF -DOGRE_BUILD_SAMPLES:BOOL=FALSE -DOGRE_INSTALL_SAMPLES:BOOL=FALSE -DOGRE_INSTALL_SAMPLES_SOURCE:BOOL=FALSE -DOGRE_CONFIG_THREADS:STRING=0 -DOGRE_RESOURCEMANAGER_STRICT:STRING=2 -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ogre_install -DOGRE_BUILD_LIBS_AS_FRAMEWORKS:BOOL=OFF -DOGRE_BUILD_COMPONENT_PYTHON:BOOL=FALSE -DOGRE_BUILD_COMPONENT_JAVA:BOOL=FALSE -DOGRE_BUILD_COMPONENT_CSHARP:BOOL=FALSE -DOGRE_BUILD_COMPONENT_BITES:BOOL=FALSE ${extra_cmake_args} -Wno-dev PATCH_COMMAND ${Patch_EXECUTABLE} -p1 -N < ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/pragma-patch.diff COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/FindFreetype.cmake ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/ogre-v1.12.1-prefix/src/ogre-v1.12.1/CMake/Packages/FindFreetype.cmake )
（3） ~/ros2_foxy/src/eProsima/foonathan_memory_vendor/CMakeLists.txt，57-73行
externalproject_add(foo_mem-ext #GIT_REPOSITORY foonathan/memory #GIT_TAG c619113 #TIMEOUT 600 #自行修改 `path-to-file', zip文件见附件memory-master.zip URL /path-to-file/memory-master.zip URL_MD5 9fcf2cf8c63d9c74bf3d0c58ca98bf71 # Avoid the update (git pull) and so the recompilation of foonathan_memory library each time. UPDATE_COMMAND "" CMAKE_ARGS -DFOONATHAN_MEMORY_BUILD_EXAMPLES=OFF -DFOONATHAN_MEMORY_BUILD_TESTS=OFF -DFOONATHAN_MEMORY_BUILD_TOOLS=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/foo_mem_ext_prj_install ${extra_cmake_args} -Wno-dev ${PATCH_COMMAND_STR} )
（4） ~/ros2_foxy/src/ros2/rosbag2/zstd_vendor/CMakeLists.txt，32-43行
ExternalProject_Add(zstd-1.4.4 #URL https://github.com/facebook/zstd/archive/v1.4.4.zip #自行修改 `path-to-file', zip文件见附件zstd-1.4.4.zip URL /path-to-file/zstd-1.4.4.zip URL_MD5 3a5c3a535280b7f4dfdbd739fcc7173f #TIMEOUT 60 SOURCE_SUBDIR build/cmake CMAKE_ARGS -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJECT_NAME}_install -DZSTD_BUILD_STATIC=OFF -DZSTD_BUILD_SHARED=ON -DZSTD_BUILD_PROGRAMS=OFF ${extra_cmake_args})
6. 环境设置
打开~/.bashrc文件，在文件最后添加，这样每次打开终端会自动执行source命令。
source ~/ros2_foxy/install/setup.bash
7. 测试
打开一个终端，运行C++编写的talker：
ros2 run demo_nodes_cpp talker
打开另外一个终端，运行Python编写的listener：
ros2 run demo_nodes_py listener
运行结果：
说明C++和Python的API可以正常工作。
8. 附件
提取码：tdxu
参考
[1] Building ROS 2 on Linux， https://index.ros.org/doc/ros2/Installation/Foxy/Linux-Development-Setup/
[2] rosdep init 或者rosdep update 连接错误的解决办法， https://community.bwbot.org/topic/811/rosdep-init-%E6%88%96%E8%80%85rosdep-update-%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95
[3] No module named catkin_pkg.package， https://www.jianshu.com/p/e964928d6c62
[4] ros自定义消息的时候报错ImportError:Nomodulenamedem_wawayu_0的专栏-CSDN博客， https://blog.csdn.net/wawayu_0/article/details/79460043
[5] Name conflict in load grammar · Issue #361 · lark-parser/lark， https://github.com/lark-parser/lark/issues/361
[6] rosbag2 build getting fail · Issue #604 · ros2/ros2， https://github.com/ros2/ros2/issues/604