View执行步骤
- 查找setting.py中的ROOT_URLCONF，跳到对应urls
-
查找urls.py中的urlpatterns，按顺序依次匹配
-
返回匹配上的view
-
如果没匹配上，报错
Example
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('articles/2003/', views.special_case_2003),
path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),
path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),
path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<slug:slug>/', views.article_detail),
]
path converters
str：匹配任何非空字符串，不包括路径分隔符'/'。如果表达式中不包含转换器，这是默认值。
int：匹配0或任何正整数。返回一个int。
slug：匹配任何由ASCII字母或数字以及连字符和下划线组成的段塞字符串。例如,building-your-1st-django-site。
uuid：匹配格式化的UUID。为了防止多个url映射到同一个页面，必须包含破折号和小写字母。例如,0075194d3-6885-417e-a8a8-6c931e272f00返回一个UUID实例。
path：匹配任何非空字符串，包括路径分隔符'/'。这允许您匹配完整的URL路径，而不像使用str那样只匹配URL路径的一个段。
注册custom path converters
对于更复杂的匹配需求，您可以定义自己的路径转换器。
转换器是包含以下内容的类:
- regex类属性，如字符串。
-
to_python(self, value)方法，用于将匹配的字符串转换为应该传递给视图函数的类型。如果它不能转换给定的值，就会引发ValueError。
-
to_url(self, value)方法，用于将Python类型转换为URL中使用的字符串。
例子：
converters.py
class FourDigitYearConverter:
regex = '[0-9]{4}'
def to_python(self, value):
return int(value)
def to_url(self, value):
return '%04d' % value
然后，使用register_converter()函数注册
from django.urls import path, register_converter
from . import converters, views
register_converter(converters.FourDigitYearConverter, 'yyyy')
urlpatterns = [
path('articles/2003/', views.special_case_2003),
path('articles/<yyyy:year>/', views.year_archive),
...
]
re_path converters
正则表达式匹配，语法： (?P
Nested arguments
正则表达式允许嵌套参数，Django将解析它们并将它们传递给视图。当执行反转时，Django将尝试填充所有外部捕获的参数，而忽略任何嵌套捕获的参数。考虑下面的URL模式，这些模式可以选择采用页面参数
from django.urls import re_path
urlpatterns = [
re_path(r'^blog/(page-(d+)/)?$', blog_articles), # bad
re_path(r'^comments/(?:page-(?P<page_number>d+)/)?$', comments), # good
]
blog/page-2有两个位置参数，page-2和2
comments/page-2有个关键字参数page_number = 2。在本例中，外部参数是一个非捕获参数(?:…)。
URLconf将忽略域名和GET/POST参数
Specifying defaults for view arguments
# URLconf
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('blog/', views.page),
path('blog/page<int:num>/', views.page),
]
# View (in blog/views.py)
def page(request, num=1):
# Output the appropriate page of blog entries, according to num.
...
性能
urlpatterns中的每个正则表达式都是在第一次访问时编译的。这使得系统非常快
Including other URLconfs
分发路由到其他URLconfs（urls.py文件）
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
# ... snip ...
path('community/', include('aggregator.urls')),
path('contact/', include('contact.urls')),
# ... snip ...
]
当遇到inculde时，会截取匹配inculde的字符串，并将截取后的结果返回给下一层URLconfs。
另一种使用方法
# old function
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/history/', views.history),
path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/edit/', views.edit),
path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/discuss/', views.discuss),
path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/permissions/', views.permissions),
]
# include function
from django.urls import include, path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('<page_slug>-<page_id>/', include([
path('history/', views.history),
path('edit/', views.edit),
path('discuss/', views.discuss),
path('permissions/', views.permissions),
])),
]
Captured parameters
inculde()可以传递参数给分发的URLconfs
# In settings/urls/main.py
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
path('<username>/blog/', include('foo.urls.blog')),
]
# In foo/urls/blog.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.blog.index),
path('archive/', views.blog.archive),
]
在views.blog.archive()中可以接受到username的参数
Passing extra options to view functions
URLconfs有一个钩子，可以将额外的参数传递给视图函数，就像Python字典一样。
path()函数可以接受第三个可选的参数，它应该是传递给视图函数的额外关键字参数的字典。
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
path('blog/<int:year>/', views.year_archive, {'foo': 'bar'}),
]
注：如果起名发出冲突，用钩子传递的参数将覆盖path传递的参数值
钩子同时可以用于inculde()方法
# main.py
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
path('blog/', include('inner'), {'blog_id': 3}),
]
# inner.py
from django.urls import path
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = [
path('archive/', views.archive),
path('about/', views.about),
]
它与下列代码功能一致
# main.py
from django.urls import include, path
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = [
path('blog/', include('inner')),
]
# inner.py
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [
path('archive/', views.archive, {'blog_id': 3}),
path('about/', views.about, {'blog_id': 3}),
]
Reverse resolution of URLs
反向解析url
from django.urls import path
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
#...
path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive, name='news-year-archive'),
#...
]
在模板中调用
<a href="{% url 'news-year-archive' 2012 %}">2012 Archive</a>
{# Or with the year in a template context variable: #}
<ul>
{% for yearvar in year_list %}
<li><a href="{% url 'news-year-archive' yearvar %}">{{ yearvar }} Archive</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
在python code中调用
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse
def redirect_to_year(request):
# ...
year = 2006
# ...
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('news-year-archive', args=(year,)))
使用名称空间
urls.py
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
path('author-polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace='author-polls')),
path('publisher-polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace='publisher-polls')),
]
polls/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
...
]
# in the python code
reverse('polls:index', current_app=self.request.resolver_match.namespace)
# in the template
{% url 'polls:index' %}
名称空间和inculde URLconfs
指定inculde URLconfs有两种方式
第一种：设置app_name = ''
polls/urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views
app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
...
]
urls.py
from django.urls import include, path
urlpatterns = [
path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
]
第二种：嵌套时使用inculde的第二个参数
from django.urls import include, path
from . import views
polls_patterns = ([
path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
], 'polls') # 设置为pools
urlpatterns = [
path('polls/', include(polls_patterns)),
]