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  • 用Python写一个简单的Web框架

    用Python写一个简单的Web框架

    一、概述

    在Python中,WSGI(Web Server Gateway Interface)定义了Web服务器与Web应用(或Web框架)之间的标准接口。在WSGI的规范下,各种各样的Web服务器和Web框架都可以很好的交互。

    由于WSGI的存在,用Python写一个简单的Web框架也变得非常容易。然而,同很多其他的强大软件一样,要实现一个功能丰富、健壮高效的Web框架并非易事;如果您打算这么做,可能使用一个现成的Web框架(如 DjangoTornadoweb.py等)会是更合适的选择。

    本文尝试写一个类似web.py的Web框架。好吧,我承认我夸大其辞了:首先,web.py并不简单;其次,本文只重点实现了 URL调度(URL dispatch)部分。

    二、从demo_app开始

    首先,作为一个初步体验,我们可以借助 wsgiref.simple_server 来搭建一个简单无比(trival)的Web应用:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, demo_app
    
    httpd = make_server('', 8086, demo_app)
    sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
    print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
    
    # Respond to requests until process is killed
    httpd.serve_forever()
    

    运行脚本:

    $ python code.py
    http://0.0.0.0:8086/
    

    打开浏览器,输入http://0.0.0.0:8086/后可以看到:一行"Hello world!" 和 众多环境变量值。

    三、WSGI中的application

    WSGI中规定:application是一个 可调用对象(callable object),它接受 environ 和 start_response 两个参数,并返回一个 字符串迭代对象

    其中,可调用对象 包括 函数方法 或者 具有__call__方法的 实例environ 是一个字典对象,包括CGI风格的环境变量(CGI-style environment variables)和 WSGI必需的变量(WSGI-required variables);start_response 是一个可调用对象,它接受两个 常规参数(status,response_headers)和 一个 默认参数(exc_info);字符串迭代对象 可以是 字符串列表生成器函数 或者 具有__iter__方法的可迭代实例。更多细节参考 Specification Details

    The Application/Framework Side 中给出了一个典型的application实现:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """application.py"""
    
    def simple_app(environ, start_response):
        """Simplest possible application object"""
        status = '200 OK'
        response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
        start_response(status, response_headers)
        return ['Hello world!
    ']
    

    现在用simple_app来替换demo_app:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """code.py"""
    
    from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
    from application import simple_app as app
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        httpd = make_server('', 8086, app)
        sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
        print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
    
        # Respond to requests until process is killed
        httpd.serve_forever()
    

    运行脚本code.py后,访问http://0.0.0.0:8086/就可以看到那行熟悉的句子:Hello world!

    四、区分URL

    倒腾了一阵子后,您会发现不管如何改变URL中的path部分,得到的响应都是一样的。因为simple_app只识别host+port部分。

    为了对URL中的path部分进行区分处理,需要修改application.py的实现。

    首先,改用  来实现application:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """application.py"""
    
    class my_app:
        def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
            self.environ = environ
            self.start = start_response
    
        def __iter__(self):
            status = '200 OK'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Hello world!
    "
    

    然后,增加对URL中path部分的区分处理:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """application.py"""
    
    class my_app:
        def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
            self.environ = environ
            self.start = start_response
    
        def __iter__(self):
            path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
            if path == "/":
                return self.GET_index()
            elif path == "/hello":
                return self.GET_hello()
            else:
                return self.notfound()
    
        def GET_index(self):
            status = '200 OK'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Welcome!
    "
    
        def GET_hello(self):
            status = '200 OK'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Hello world!
    "
    
        def notfound(self):
            status = '404 Not Found'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Not Found
    "
    

    修改code.py中的from application import simple_app as app,用my_app来替换simple_app后即可体验效果。

    五、重构

    上面的代码虽然奏效,但是在编码风格和灵活性方面有很多问题,下面逐步对其进行重构。

    1、正则匹配URL

    消除URL硬编码,增加URL调度的灵活性:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """application.py"""
    
    import re ##########修改点
    
    class my_app:
    
        urls = (
            ("/", "index"),
            ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
        ) ##########修改点
    
        def __init__(self, environ, start_response):
            self.environ = environ
            self.start = start_response
    
        def __iter__(self): ##########修改点
            path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
            method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
    
            for pattern, name in self.urls:
                m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
                if m:
                    # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
                    args = m.groups()
                    funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
                    if hasattr(self, funcname):
                        func = getattr(self, funcname)
                        return func(*args)
    
            return self.notfound()
    
        def GET_index(self):
            status = '200 OK'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Welcome!
    "
    
        def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改点
            status = '200 OK'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Hello %s!
    " % name
    
        def notfound(self):
            status = '404 Not Found'
            response_headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
            self.start(status, response_headers)
            yield "Not Found
    "
    

    2、DRY

    消除GET_*方法中的重复代码,并且允许它们返回字符串:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """application.py"""
    
    import re
    
    class my_app:
    
        urls = (
            ("/", "index"),
            ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
        )
    
        def __init__(self, environ, start_response): ##########修改点
            self.environ = environ
            self.start = start_response
            self.status = '200 OK'
            self._headers = []
    
        def __iter__(self): ##########修改点
            result = self.delegate()
            self.start(self.status, self._headers)
    
            # 将返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)转换为迭代对象
            if isinstance(result, basestring):
                return iter([result])
            else:
                return iter(result)
    
        def delegate(self): ##########修改点
            path = self.environ['PATH_INFO']
            method = self.environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
    
            for pattern, name in self.urls:
                m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
                if m:
                    # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
                    args = m.groups()
                    funcname = method.upper() + '_' + name
                    if hasattr(self, funcname):
                        func = getattr(self, funcname)
                        return func(*args)
    
            return self.notfound()
    
        def header(self, name, value): ##########修改点
            self._headers.append((name, value))
    
        def GET_index(self): ##########修改点
            self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
            return "Welcome!
    "
    
        def GET_hello(self, name): ##########修改点
            self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
            return "Hello %s!
    " % name
    
        def notfound(self): ##########修改点
            self.status = '404 Not Found'
            self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
            return "Not Found
    "
    

    3、抽象出框架

    为了将类my_app抽象成一个独立的框架,需要作出以下修改:

    • 剥离出其中的具体处理细节:urls配置 和 GET_*方法(改成在多个类中实现相应的GET方法)
    • 把方法header实现为类方法(classmethod),以方便外部作为功能函数调用
    • 改用 具有__call__方法的 实例 来实现application

    修改后的application.py(最终版本):

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """application.py"""
    
    import re
    
    class my_app:
        """my simple web framework"""
    
        headers = []
    
        def __init__(self, urls=(), fvars={}):
            self._urls = urls
            self._fvars = fvars
    
        def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
            self._status = '200 OK' # 默认状态OK
            del self.headers[:] # 清空上一次的headers
    
            result = self._delegate(environ)
            start_response(self._status, self.headers)
    
            # 将返回值result(字符串 或者 字符串列表)转换为迭代对象
            if isinstance(result, basestring):
                return iter([result])
            else:
                return iter(result)
    
        def _delegate(self, environ):
            path = environ['PATH_INFO']
            method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD']
    
            for pattern, name in self._urls:
                m = re.match('^' + pattern + '$', path)
                if m:
                    # pass the matched groups as arguments to the function
                    args = m.groups()
                    funcname = method.upper() # 方法名大写(如GET、POST)
                    klass = self._fvars.get(name) # 根据字符串名称查找类对象
                    if hasattr(klass, funcname):
                        func = getattr(klass, funcname)
                        return func(klass(), *args)
    
            return self._notfound()
    
        def _notfound(self):
            self._status = '404 Not Found'
            self.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
            return "Not Found
    "
    
        @classmethod
        def header(cls, name, value):
            cls.headers.append((name, value))
    

    对应修改后的code.py(最终版本):

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    """code.py"""
    
    from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
    from application import my_app
    
    urls = (
        ("/", "index"),
        ("/hello/(.*)", "hello"),
    )
    
    class index:
        def GET(self):
            my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
            return "Welcome!
    "
    
    class hello:
        def GET(self, name):
            my_app.header('Content-type', 'text/plain')
            return "Hello %s!
    " % name
    
    wsgiapp = my_app(urls, globals())
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        httpd = make_server('', 8086, wsgiapp)
        sa = httpd.socket.getsockname()
        print 'http://{0}:{1}/'.format(*sa)
    
        # Respond to requests until process is killed
        httpd.serve_forever()
    

    当然,您还可以在code.py中配置更多的URL映射,并实现相应的类来对请求作出响应。

    六、参考

    本文主要参考了 How to write a web framework in Python(作者 anandology 是web.py代码的两位维护者之一,另一位则是大名鼎鼎却英年早逝的 Aaron Swartz),在此基础上作了一些调整和修改,并掺杂了自己的一些想法。

    如果您还觉得意犹未尽,Why so many Python web frameworks? 也是一篇很好的文章,也许它会让您对Python中Web框架的敬畏之心荡然无存:-)

     

     

     

     

     

     
    标签: PythonWeb/HTTPweb.py

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Leo_wl/p/3339244.html
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