Python之常用模块
模块,用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。
类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其他代码用来调用即可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来,可能需要多个函数才能完成(函数又可以在不同的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。
如:os 是系统相关的模块;file是文件操作相关的模块
模块分为三种:
- 自定义模块
- 内置模块
- 开源模块
自定义模块 |
1、定义模块
情景一:
情景二:
情景三:
2、导入模块
Python之所以应用越来越广泛,在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用,如果想要使用模块,则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法:
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import module from module.xx.xx import xx from module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import * |
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
- 导入一个py文件,解释器解释该py文件
- 导入一个包,解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件
开源模块 |
一、下载安装
下载安装有两种方式:
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注:在使用源码安装时,需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境,所以,需要先执行:
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yum install gcc yum install python - devel 或 apt - get python - dev |
安装成功后,模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中,如:
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/ usr / lib / python2. 7 / site - packages / |
二、导入模块
同自定义模块中导入的方式
三、模块 paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
1、下载安装
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# pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto # 下载安装 pycrypto wget http: / / files.cnblogs.com / files / wupeiqi / pycrypto - 2.6 . 1.tar .gz tar - xvf pycrypto - 2.6 . 1.tar .gz cd pycrypto - 2.6 . 1 python setup.py build python setup.py install # 进入python环境,导入Crypto检查是否安装成功 # 下载安装 paramiko wget http: / / files.cnblogs.com / files / wupeiqi / paramiko - 1.10 . 1.tar .gz tar - xvf paramiko - 1.10 . 1.tar .gz cd paramiko - 1.10 . 1 python setup.py build python setup.py install # 进入python环境,导入paramiko检查是否安装成功 |
2、使用模块
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内置模块 |
time & datetime模块
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import time import datetime time print (time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3以后废弃 4.444098792316153e-07 print (time.process_time()) #返回处理器时间 0.031200199999999997 print (time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳 1463472071.3892002 print (time.ctime()) #返回当前系统时间 Tue May 17 16:01:11 2016 print (time.ctime(time.time() - 86400 )) #转换成字符串格式 Mon May 16 16:01:11 2016 print (time.gmtime(time.time() - 86400 )) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=16, tm_hour=8, tm_min=1, tm_sec=11, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=137, tm_isdst=0) print (time.localtime(time.time() - 86400 )) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式,本地时间。 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=16, tm_hour=16, tm_min=13, tm_sec=25, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=137, tm_isdst=0) print (time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反,将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式 1463472904.0 time.sleep( 4 ) #sleep 每隔四秒以执行 print (time.strftime( "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S" ,time.gmtime()) ) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式 2016-05-17 08:16:22 datetime print (datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-05-17 print (datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time() - 86400 ) ) # 将时间戳转成日期格式 2016-05-16 current_time = datetime.datetime.now() # print (current_time) #输出2016-05-17 16:17:59.863200 print (current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=17, tm_hour=16, tm_min=17, tm_sec=59, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=138, tm_isdst=-1) #datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]]) print (current_time.replace( 2016 , 5 , 17 )) #输出2016-05-17 16:19:33.753200,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换 str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime( "21/11/06 16:30" , "%d/%m/%y %H:%M" ) #将字符串转换成日期格式 new_date1 = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days = 10 ) #比现在加10天 2016-05-27 16:21:16.279200 new_date2 = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days = - 10 ) #比现在减10天 2016-05-07 16:21:44.459200 new_date3 = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours = - 10 ) #比现在减10小时 2016-05-17 06:22:01.299200 new_date4 = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds = 120 ) #比现在+120s 2016-05-17 16:24:10.917200 new_date5 = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(weeks = 20 ) #比现在+10周 2016-10-04 16:23:02.904200 print (new_date5) |
Directive | Meaning | Notes |
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%a |
Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. | |
%A |
Locale’s full weekday name. | |
%b |
Locale’s abbreviated month name. | |
%B |
Locale’s full month name. | |
%c |
Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. | |
%d |
Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
%H |
Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. | |
%I |
Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%j |
Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
%m |
Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%M |
Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
%p |
Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. | (1) |
%S |
Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | (2) |
%U |
Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%w |
Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
%W |
Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%x |
Locale’s appropriate date representation. | |
%X |
Locale’s appropriate time representation. | |
%y |
Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. | |
%Y |
Year with century as a decimal number. | |
%z |
Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. | |
%Z |
Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). | |
%% |
A literal '%' character. |
random模块
随机数
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mport random print random.random() print random.randint( 1 , 2 ) print random.randrange( 1 , 10 ) |
生成随机验证码
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import random tmp = "" for i in range ( 6 ): rad1 = random.randrange( 4 ) if rad1 = = 1 or rad1 = = 3 : rad2 = random.randrange( 0 , 9 ) tmp + = str (rad2) else : rad3 = random.randrange( 65 , 90 ) tmp + = chr (rad3) print (tmp) |
sys模块
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import sys import time print (sys.argv) #['C:/Users/Administrator/PycharmProjects/zyl/day-6/datetime,time模块/SYS.PY.py'] print (sys.path) #返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 print (exit()) #退出程序,正常退出时exit(0) print (sys.version) #3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] print (sys.maxsize) #9223372036854775807 最大的Int值 print (sys.platform) #win32 操作系统类型 ####################################安装包流程不换行显示################################## for i in range ( 31 ): sys.stdout.write( "
" ) #清空当前数据网上叠加 sys.stdout.write( "%s%% | %s " % ( int (i / 30 * 100 ), int (i / 30 * 100 ) * "#" )) sys.stdout.flush() time.sleep( 0.3 ) ####################################安装流程换行显示#################################### for i in range ( 101 ): sys.stdout.write( "
" ) sys.stdout.write( "%s%% | %s
" % (i,i * "#" )) sys.stdout.flush() time.sleep( 0.1 ) |
json & pickle 模块
用于序列化的两个模块
- json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load
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(后续更新中.....)