python基本数据类型——set

一、集合的定义

set集合，是一个无序且不重复的元素集合。

集合对象是一组无序排列的可哈希的值，集合成员可以做字典中的键。集合支持用in和not in操作符检查成员，由len()内建函数得到集合的基数(大小)， 用 for 循环迭代集合的成员。但是因为集合本身是无序的，不可以为集合创建索引或执行切片(slice)操作，也没有键(keys)可用来获取集合中元素的值。

二、集合的创建

s = set()
s = {11,22,33,44}
*注：创建空集合时，只能用set(),如果用第二种方法s={}，创建的实际上是一个空字典。
s = {}
print(type(s))
<class 'dict'>

a=set('boy')
b=set(['y', 'b', 'o','o'])
c=set({"k1":'v1','k2':'v2'})
d={'k1','k2','k2'}
e={('k1', 'k2','k2')}
print(a,type(a))
print(b,type(b))
print(c,type(c))
print(d,type(d))
print(e,type(e))
执行结果如下：
{'o', 'b', 'y'} <class 'set'>
{'o', 'b', 'y'} <class 'set'>
{'k1', 'k2'} <class 'set'>
{'k1', 'k2'} <class 'set'>
{('k1', 'k2', 'k2')} <class 'set'>

三、集合的功能

class set(object):
    """
    set() -> new empty set object
    set(iterable) -> new set object
     
    Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
    """
    def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Add an element to a set，添加元素
         
        This has no effect if the element is already present.
        """
        pass
 
    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements from this set. 清楚内容"""
        pass
 
    def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return a shallow copy of a set. 浅拷贝  """
        pass
 
    def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. A中存在，B中不存在
         
        (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
        """
        pass
 
    def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Remove all elements of another set from this set.  从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素"""
        pass
 
    def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
         
        If the element is not a member, do nothing. 移除指定元素，不存在不保错
        """
        pass
 
    def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. 交集
         
        (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
        """
        pass
 
    def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.  取交集并更更新到A中 """
        pass
 
    def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection.  如果没有交集，返回True，否则返回False"""
        pass
 
    def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Report whether another set contains this set.  是否是子序列"""
        pass
 
    def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Report whether this set contains another set. 是否是父序列"""
        pass
 
    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
        Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 移除元素
        """
        pass
 
    def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
         
        If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 移除指定元素，不存在保错
        """
        pass
 
    def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.  对称交集
         
        (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
        """
        pass
 
    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. 对称交集，并更新到a中 """
        pass
 
    def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Return the union of sets as a new set.  并集
         
        (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
        """
        pass
 
    def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. 更新 """
        pass

源码

基本功能：

• 增加（add, update）

a=set('python')
a.add('tina')
print(a)
b=set('python')
b.update('tina')
print(b)
执行结果如下：
{'tina', 'o', 'p', 'n', 't', 'y', 'h'}
{'o', 'i', 'p', 'a', 'n', 't', 'y', 'h'}
##################
由以上代码可以看出，add是单个元素的添加，而update是批量的添加。输出结果是无序的，并非添加到尾部。

• 删除（remove，discard，pop）

c={'p', 'i', 'h', 'n', 'o', 'y', 't'}
c.remove('p')
print(c)

c={'p', 'i', 'h', 'n', 'o', 'y', 't'}
c.discard('p')
print(c)
c={'p', 'i', 'h', 'n', 'o', 'y', 't'}
c.pop()
print(c)
执行结果如下： {'i', 'h', 't', 'o', 'y', 'n'} 
#####

当执行c.remove('p','i')和c.discard('p','i')时，报错：TypeError: remove() takes exactly one argument (2 given)，说明remove和discard删除元素时都只能一个一个的删，同add对应。
#################################################################################
remove，pop和discard的区别：
discard删除指定元素，当指定元素不存在时，不报错；
remove删除指定元素，但当指定元素不存在时，报错：KeyError。
pop删除任意元素，并可将移除的元素赋值给一个变量，不能指定元素移除。

set的特有功能：

s1 = {0}
s2 = {i % 2 for i in range(10)}
s = set('hi')
t = set(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'])
print(s.intersection(t), s & t)  # 交集
print(s.union(t), s | t)   # 并集
print(s.difference(t), s - t)  # 差集
print(s.symmetric_difference(t), s ^ t) # 对称差集
print(s1.issubset(s2), s1 <= s2) # 子集（被包含）
print(s1.issuperset(s2), s1 >= s2)   # 父集（包含）

执行结果如下：
{'h'} {'h'}
{'i', 'e', 'h', 'l', 'o'} {'i', 'e', 'h', 'l', 'o'}
{'i'} {'i'}
{'e', 'l', 'o', 'i'} {'e', 'l', 'o', 'i'}
True True
False False

s = {11,22,33}
t = {22,44}
print(s.isdisjoint(t))#（disjoint脱节的，）即如果没有交集，返回True，否则返回False
s.difference_update(t)#将差集覆盖到源集合，即从当前集合中删除和B中相同的元素
print(s)
执行结果如下：
False
{33, 11}

s = {11,22,33}
t = {22,44}
s.intersection_update(t)#将交集覆盖到源集合
print(s)
执行结果如下：
{22}

s = {11,22,33}
t = {22,44}
s.symmetric_difference_update(t)#将对称差集覆盖到源集合
print(s)
执行结果如下：
{33, 11, 44}

四、练习题

寻找差异：哪些需要删除？哪些需要新建？哪些需要更新？

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
old_dict = {
    "#1": {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': 2, 'mem_capicity': 80},
    "#2": {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': 2, 'mem_capicity': 80},
    "#3": {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': 2, 'mem_capicity': 80},
}


new_dict = {
    "#1": {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': 2, 'mem_capicity': 800},
    "#3": {'hostname': 'c1', 'cpu_count': 2, 'mem_capicity': 80},
    "#4": {'hostname': 'c2', 'cpu_count': 2, 'mem_capicity': 80},
}
new_set = set()
old_set = set()
for i in new_dict:
    new_set.add(i)
for j in old_dict:
    old_set.add(j)
new_add = new_set.difference(old_set)    #new_dict中有，old_dict中沒有
old_del = old_set.difference(new_set)    #old_dict中有，new_dict中沒有
update = new_set.intersection(old_set)    #old_dict和new_dict共同有的，需要把new_dict更新到old_dict中

for k in new_add:
    old_dict[k] = new_dict[k]    #將new_dict中新增的內容添加到old_dict中
for v in old_del:
    del old_dict[v]    #將old_dict中失效的內容刪除
for m in update:
    old_dict[m] = new_dict[m]    #把new_dict更新到old_dict中

print(old_dict)