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  • oracle课堂笔记---第十九天

    用户管理

    AAA:

    Authentication: 身份验证   (确定当前用户身份)

    Authorization: 权限管理    (能做什么)

    Audition: 审计                       (做过什么)

    authentication

    预定义的系统用户:

    SQL> select USERNAME, ACCOUNT_STATUS from dba_users;

    open状态的用户:

    SQL> select USERNAME, ACCOUNT_STATUS from dba_users where ACCOUNT_STATUS='OPEN';

    系统管理账号:

    SYS SYSTEM DBSNMP SYSMAN

    3种身份验证方式:

    password验证:

    浏览器中创建用户user01

    或者用命令创建:

    SQL> create user user01 identified by password;

    SQL> grant create session to user01;

    测试:

    $ sqlplus user01/password

    external(os)验证:

    操作系统中创建用户:

    $ su -

    Password:

    [root@node1 ~]# useradd osuser

    [root@node1 ~]# passwd osuser

    $ sqlplus / as sysdba

    外部用户使用固定的前缀:

    SQL> show parameter os_auth

    SQL> create user ops$osuser identified externally;

    SQL> grant create session to ops$osuser;

    不要su - osuser,环境变量保留:

    $ su osuser

    Password:

    [osuser@node1 admin]$ sqlplus /

    SQL> show user

    USER is "OPS$OSUSER"

    管理员的身份验证:

    本地连接:

    本地连接,预先设置ORACLE_SID,操作系统用户是dba群组的成员

    $ id

    uid=1001(oracle) gid=1000(oinstall) groups=1000(oinstall),1031(dba),1032(oper)

    $ sqlplus / as sysdba

    SQL> show user

    USER is "SYS"

    $ su -

    # usermod -G oper oracle 或

    # gpasswd -d oracle dba

    # exit

    $ sqlplus / as sysdba

    报错,权限不够

    只要是dba群组中的成员,就可以不需要知道sys的口令,直接以sqlplus / as sysdba登录

    并且身份为sys。

    恢复:

    # gpasswd -a oracle dba

    Unset     ORACLE_SID    注销掉环境

    Export ORACLE_SID =orcl 恢复

    远程客户端连接:

    $ sqlplus sys/password@orcl as sysdba

    $ ls $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapworcl

    $ orapwd

    authorization

    系统权限:

    sys执行授权:

    预先创建测试表

    SQL> create table t1(x int);

    SQL> create user user01 identified by password;

    SQL> grant create session to user01;

    SQL> grant select any table to user01;

    user01测试:

    $ sqlplus user01/password

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees(hr.departments scott.emp);

    SQL> delete from scott.emp; 失败!

    SQL> select * from sys.t1; 失败!

    select any table    n-1模式

    sys再次授权:

    SQL> grant select any dictionary to user01;

    user01测试:

    SQL> select * from sys.t1;    成功

    select any table(n-1)+select any dictionary(1)

    sys授权:

    SQL> grant create table to user01;

    user01测试:

    SQL> create table t1(x int);

    sys授权:

    SQL> grant unlimited tablespace to user01;

    user01测试:

    SQL> insert into t1 values (1);

    Revoke        from

    对象权限:

    表的参照权限:

    dept

    deptno(pk) dname

    10 sales

    20 market

    my_emp

    empno deptno(fk)

    100 10

    sys授权:

    SQL> grant select on hr.employees to user01;

    user01测试:

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;

    SQL> delete from hr.employees; 失败

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.departments; 失败

    sys授权:

    SQL> grant index on hr.employees to user01;

    SQL> grant unlimited tablespace to user01;

    user01测试:

    SQL> create index emp_sal_idx on hr.employees(salary);

    SQL> select index_name from user_indexes where table_name='EMPLOYEES';

    create any table(系统权限:所有) create table  当前用户名下

    alter any table (修改任何) alter table(对象级别权限)

    drop any table (删除任何表) drop table()

    权限的级联删除:

    系统权限:

    sys准备工作:

    SQL> drop user user01 cascade;

    SQL> drop user user02 cascade;

    SQL> create user user01 identified by password;

    SQL> create user user02 identified by password;

    SQL> grant create session to user01;

    SQL> grant create session to user02;

    sys授权:

    SQL> grant select any table to user01 with admin option;

    user01测试成功并授权给user02:

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;

    SQL> grant select any table to user02 with admin option;

    user02测试成功:

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;

    sys收回权限:

    SQL> revoke select any table from user01;

    user01操作失败:

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;

    user02测试成功:

    SQL> select count(*) from hr.employees;

    对象权限:

    SQL> grant select on hr.employees to user01 with grant option;

    dba+sysdba=sys

    role

    角色就是数据库中的群组!

    角色的作用:简化权限的管理,动态更新用户的权限。(一组权限)

     预定义的角色:

    SQL> select role from dba_roles;

    创建角色:

    SQL> create role hr_mgr;

    SQL> create role hr_clerk;

    SQL> grant select any table to hr_mgr;

    SQL> grant select on hr.employees to hr_clerk;

    SQL> grant hr_mgr to user01;

    SQL> grant hr_clerk to user02;

    user01/user02测试:

    角色生效必须重新登录

    概要文件

    profile主要控制两个方面:1 用户的资源消耗

    2 用户的口令安全

    SQL> select * from dba_profiles where profile='DEFAULT';

    SQL> select username, profile from dba_users;

    SQL> show parameter resource_limit 资源管理的开关参数

    查看复杂性函数的脚本:

    $ cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin

    $ vi utlpwdmg.sql

    $ cp utlpwdmg.sql /home/oracle/utlpwdmg.sql

    $ vi /home/oracle/utlpwdmg.sql      只保留校验函数部分

    $ sqlplus / as sysdba

    SQL> @/home/oracle/utlpwdmg.sql

    sys创建概要文件:

    SQL> CREATE PROFILE HR_PROFILE LIMIT

    PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 30

    PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 7

    PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX 3

    PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME unlimited

    PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 5/1440

    FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 3

    PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function_11G;

    和用户关联:

    SQL> ALTER USER HR PROFILE HR_PROFILE;

    测试:

    $ sqlplus hr/hr

    SQL> alter user hr identified by password123 replace hr;

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Matilda/p/7340822.html
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