索引补充
1、索引
索引是表的目录，在查找内容之前可以先在目录中查找索引位置，以此快速定位查询数据。对于索引，会保存在额外的文件中。
2、索引种类
- 普通索引：仅加速查询
- 唯一索引：加速查询 + 列值唯一（可以有null）
- 主键索引：加速查询 + 列值唯一 + 表中只有一个（不可以有null）
- 组合索引：多列值组成一个索引，
专门用于组合搜索，其效率大于索引合并 - 全文索引：对文本的内容进行分词，进行搜索
索引合并，使用多个单列索引组合搜索
覆盖索引，select的数据列只用从索引中就能够取得，不必读取数据行，换句话说查询列要被所建的索引覆盖
3、相关命令
- 查看表结构
desc 表名
- 查看生成表的SQL
show create table 表名
- 查看索引
show index from 表名
- 查看执行时间
set profiling = 1;
SQL...
show profiles;
4、使用索引和不使用索引
由于索引是专门用于加速搜索而生，所以加上索引之后，查询效率会快到飞起来。 # 有索引 mysql> select * from tb1 where name = 'wupeiqi-888'; +-----+-------------+---------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+ | nid | name | email | radom | ctime | +-----+-------------+---------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+ | 889 | wupeiqi-888 | wupeiqi888@live.com | 5312269e76a16a90b8a8301d5314204b | 2016-08-03 09:33:35 | +-----+-------------+---------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) # 无索引 mysql> select * from tb1 where email = 'wupeiqi888@live.com'; +-----+-------------+---------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+ | nid | name | email | radom | ctime | +-----+-------------+---------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+ | 889 | wupeiqi-888 | wupeiqi888@live.com | 5312269e76a16a90b8a8301d5314204b | 2016-08-03 09:33:35 | +-----+-------------+---------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+ 1 row in set (1.23 sec)
5、正确使用索引
数据库表中添加索引后确实会让查询速度起飞，但前提必须是正确的使用索引来查询，如果以错误的方式使用，则即使建立索引也会不奏效。
即使建立索引，索引也不会生效：
- like '%xx'
select * from tb1 where name like '%cn';
- 使用函数
select * from tb1 where reverse(name) = 'wupeiqi';
- or
select * from tb1 where nid = 1 or email = 'seven@live.com';
特别的：当or条件中有未建立索引的列才失效，以下会走索引
select * from tb1 where nid = 1 or name = 'seven';
select * from tb1 where nid = 1 or email = 'seven@live.com' and name = 'alex'
- 类型不一致
如果列是字符串类型，传入条件是必须用引号引起来，不然...
select * from tb1 where name = 999;
- !=
select * from tb1 where name != 'alex'
特别的：如果是主键，则还是会走索引
select * from tb1 where nid != 123
- >
select * from tb1 where name > 'alex'
特别的：如果是主键或索引是整数类型，则还是会走索引
select * from tb1 where nid > 123
select * from tb1 where num > 123
- order by
select email from tb1 order by name desc;
当根据索引排序时候，选择的映射如果不是索引，则不走索引
特别的：如果对主键排序，则还是走索引：
select * from tb1 order by nid desc;
- 组合索引最左前缀
如果组合索引为：(name,email)
name and email -- 使用索引
name -- 使用索引
email -- 不使用索引
6、其他注意事项
- 避免使用select * - count(1)或count(列) 代替 count(*) - 创建表时尽量时 char 代替 varchar - 表的字段顺序固定长度的字段优先 - 组合索引代替多个单列索引（经常使用多个条件查询时） - 尽量使用短索引 - 使用连接（JOIN）来代替子查询(Sub-Queries) - 连表时注意条件类型需一致 - 索引散列值（重复少）不适合建索引，例：性别不适合
7、limit分页
无论是否有索引，limit分页是一个值得关注的问题
每页显示10条： 当前 118 120， 125 倒序： 大 小 970 7 6 6 5 54 43 32 19 98 下一页： select * from tb1 where nid < (select nid from (select nid from tb1 where nid < 当前页最小值 order by nid desc limit 每页数据 *【页码-当前页】) A order by A.nid asc limit 1) order by nid desc limit 10; select * from tb1 where nid < (select nid from (select nid from tb1 where nid < 970 order by nid desc limit 40) A order by A.nid asc limit 1) order by nid desc limit 10; 上一页： select * from tb1 where nid < (select nid from (select nid from tb1 where nid > 当前页最大值 order by nid asc limit 每页数据 *【当前页-页码】) A order by A.nid asc limit 1) order by nid desc limit 10; select * from tb1 where nid < (select nid from (select nid from tb1 where nid > 980 order by nid asc limit 20) A order by A.nid desc limit 1) order by nid desc limit 10;
8、执行计划
explain + 查询SQL - 用于显示SQL执行信息参数，根据参考信息可以进行SQL优化
mysql> explain select * from tb2; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb2 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
id 查询顺序标识 如：mysql> explain select * from (select nid,name from tb1 where nid < 10) as B; +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 9 | NULL | | 2 | DERIVED | tb1 | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 9 | Using where | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 特别的：如果使用union连接气值可能为null select_type 查询类型 SIMPLE 简单查询 PRIMARY 最外层查询 SUBQUERY 映射为子查询 DERIVED 子查询 UNION 联合 UNION RESULT 使用联合的结果 ... table 正在访问的表名 type 查询时的访问方式，性能：all < index < range < index_merge < ref_or_null < ref < eq_ref < system/const ALL 全表扫描，对于数据表从头到尾找一遍 select * from tb1; 特别的：如果有limit限制，则找到之后就不在继续向下扫描 select * from tb1 where email = 'seven@live.com' select * from tb1 where email = 'seven@live.com' limit 1; 虽然上述两个语句都会进行全表扫描，第二句使用了limit，则找到一个后就不再继续扫描。 INDEX 全索引扫描，对索引从头到尾找一遍 select nid from tb1; RANGE 对索引列进行范围查找 select * from tb1 where name < 'alex'; PS: between and in > >= < <= 操作 注意：!= 和 > 符号 INDEX_MERGE 合并索引，使用多个单列索引搜索 select * from tb1 where name = 'alex' or nid in (11,22,33); REF 根据索引查找一个或多个值 select * from tb1 where name = 'seven'; EQ_REF 连接时使用primary key 或 unique类型 select tb2.nid,tb1.name from tb2 left join tb1 on tb2.nid = tb1.nid; CONST 常量 表最多有一个匹配行,因为仅有一行,在这行的列值可被优化器剩余部分认为是常数,const表很快,因为它们只读取一次。 select nid from tb1 where nid = 2 ; SYSTEM 系统 表仅有一行(=系统表)。这是const联接类型的一个特例。 select * from (select nid from tb1 where nid = 1) as A; possible_keys 可能使用的索引 key 真实使用的 key_len MySQL中使用索引字节长度 rows mysql估计为了找到所需的行而要读取的行数 ------ 只是预估值 extra 该列包含MySQL解决查询的详细信息 “Using index” 此值表示mysql将使用覆盖索引，以避免访问表。不要把覆盖索引和index访问类型弄混了。 “Using where” 这意味着mysql服务器将在存储引擎检索行后再进行过滤，许多where条件里涉及索引中的列，当（并且如果）它读取索引时，就能被存储引擎检验，因此不是所有带where子句的查询都会显示“Using where”。有时“Using where”的出现就是一个暗示：查询可受益于不同的索引。 “Using temporary” 这意味着mysql在对查询结果排序时会使用一个临时表。 “Using filesort” 这意味着mysql会对结果使用一个外部索引排序，而不是按索引次序从表里读取行。mysql有两种文件排序算法，这两种排序方式都可以在内存或者磁盘上完成，explain不会告诉你mysql将使用哪一种文件排序，也不会告诉你排序会在内存里还是磁盘上完成。 “Range checked for each record(index map: N)” 这个意味着没有好用的索引，新的索引将在联接的每一行上重新估算，N是显示在possible_keys列中索引的位图，并且是冗余的。
更多参见：
http://www.cnblogs.com/xiaoboluo768/p/5400990.html
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html#jointype_system
9、慢日志查询
a、配置MySQL自动记录慢日志
slow_query_log = OFF 是否开启慢日志记录 long_query_time = 2 时间限制，超过此时间，则记录 slow_query_log_file = /usr/slow.log 日志文件 log_queries_not_using_indexes = OFF 为使用索引的搜索是否记录
注：查看当前配置信息：
show variables like '%query%'
修改当前配置：
set global 变量名 = 值
b、查看MySQL慢日志
mysqldumpslow -s at -a /usr/local/var/mysql/MacBook-Pro-3-slow.log
"""
--verbose 版本
--debug 调试
--help 帮助
-v 版本
-d 调试模式
-s ORDER 排序方式
what to sort by (al, at, ar, c, l, r, t), 'at' is default
al: average lock time
ar: average rows sent
at: average query time
c: count
l: lock time
r: rows sent
t: query time
-r 反转顺序，默认文件倒序拍。reverse the sort order (largest last instead of first)
-t NUM 显示前N条just show the top n queries
-a 不要将SQL中数字转换成N，字符串转换成S。don't abstract all numbers to N and strings to 'S'
-n NUM abstract numbers with at least n digits within names
-g PATTERN 正则匹配；grep: only consider stmts that include this string
-h HOSTNAME mysql机器名或者IP；hostname of db server for *-slow.log filename (can be wildcard),
default is '*', i.e. match all
-i NAME name of server instance (if using mysql.server startup script)
-l 总时间中不减去锁定时间；don't subtract lock time from total time
"""
性能优化------1
执行语句
1、explain SQL 语句 ALL index 全数据表搜索 // 全索引表搜索
2 、 limit 进行优化
SELECT * from tb where substring(name,1,3)="tom" 效率差 不要在里面使用函数
索引数据转换后，不再是索引。
普通索引是数字
Enter password: ****** Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.5.13 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | kaige | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sdhz | | sqlexample | | ss_oa | | test | +--------------------+ 8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> use kaige Database changed mysql> show tables; +-----------------+ | Tables_in_kaige | +-----------------+ | bandcard | | class | | student | | students | +-----------------+ 4 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> create tb1( -> nid int primary key auto; ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'tb1( nid int primary key auto' at line 1 mysql> create table tb1( -> nid int not null auto_increment primary key, -> name varchar(32) not null, -> age int not null, -> extra text, -> index ix_age(age) -> )engine=innodb default charset=utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> desc tb1; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | nid | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(11) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | extra | text | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> explain select * from tb1 where age>20; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | range | ix_age | ix_age | 4 | NULL | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
mysql> explain select * from tb1 where age>20; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | range | ix_age | ix_age | 4 | NULL | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select * from tb1 where age!=20; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | ALL | ix_age | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
mysql> explain select * from tb1 order by name desc; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select * from tb1 order by age desc; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select * from tb1 order by age; +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select age from tb1 order by age; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | index | NULL | ix_age | 4 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select age from tb1 order by age desc ; +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | tb1 | index | NULL | ix_age | 4 | NULL | 1 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>
???如何创建短索引
mysqld --default-files=C:Program Files (x86)MySQLMySQL Server 5.5my-default.ini
slow_query_log=ON log_queries_not_using_indexes=ON long_query_time=0.5 slow_query_log_file=F:show.log