- 读写分离原理图：
- 数据内部交换过程：
面对越来越大的访问压力，单台的服务器的性能成为瓶颈需要分担负载
-
主从只负责各自的读和写，极大程度的缓解 X 锁和 S 锁争用
-
从库可配置 myisam 引擎，提升查询性能以及节约系统开销
-
增加冗余，提高可用性
一般有两种方式实现
-
-
实现程序层实现指的是在应用程序内部及连接器中实现读写分离
程序层实现优点：
-
应用程序内部实现读写分离，安装即可以使用
-
减少一定部署难度
-
访问压力在一定级别以下，性能很好
程序层实现缺点：
-
架构一但调整，代码要跟着变
-
难以实现高级应用，如自动分库，分表
-
无法适用大型应用场景
中间件实现
中间件层实现是指在外部中间件程序实现读写分离
中间件优点：
-
架构设计更灵活
-
可以在程序上实现一些高级控制，如：透明化水平拆分，failover,监控
-
可以依靠技术手段提高MySQL性能
-
对业务代码的影响小，同时也安全
中间件缺点：
-
需要一定的开发运维团队的支持
- Atlas架构图
| IP地址 | 数据节点 | vip地址 | |
| db01 | 10.0.0.51 | master | 10.0.0.55 |
| db02 | 10.0.0.52 | slave-1 | |
| db03 | 10.0.0.53 | slave-2 |
#在线下载，可能会会比较慢或者失败 wget https://github.com/Qihoo360/Atlas/releases/download/2.2.1/Atlas-2.2.1.el6.x86_64.rpm #直接在MHA-2019-6.28.zip里面有 [root@db01 ~]# rpm -ivh Atlas-2.2.1.el6.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:Atlas-2.2.1-1 ################################# [100%]
cd /usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf mv test.cnf test.cnf.bak cat > test.cnf <<EOF [mysql-proxy] admin-username = user admin-password = pwd proxy-backend-addresses = 10.0.0.55:3306 proxy-read-only-backend-addresses = 10.0.0.52:3306,10.0.0.53:3306 pwds = repl:3yb5jEku5h4=,mha:O2jBXONX098= daemon = true keepalive = true event-threads = 8 log-level = message log-path = /usr/local/mysql-proxy/log sql-log=ON proxy-address = 0.0.0.0:33060 admin-address = 0.0.0.0:2345 charset=utf8 EOF
- 启动atlas
# /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxyd test start OK: MySQL-Proxy of test is started # ps -ef |grep proxy root 10236 1 0 12:59 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxy --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf/test.cnf root 10237 10236 0 12:59 ? 00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/mysql-proxy --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql-proxy/conf/test.cnf root 10253 9305 0 13:00 pts/1 00:00:00 grep --color=auto proxy
[root@db03 ~]# mysql -umha -pmha -h10.0.0.51 -P33060
- 读操作测试：
mysql> select @@server_id; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 53 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select @@server_id; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 52 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注：可以看到我们的读操作分别在db2和db3上进行了操作
- 写操作测试：
mysql> begin;select @@server_id;commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 51 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> begin;select @@server_id;commit; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 51 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
注：所有的写操作都在db1上进行
#登录管理 [root@db01 ~]# mysql -uuser -ppwd -h10.0.0.51 -P2345 mysql> select * from help; +----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | command | description | +----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | SELECT * FROM help | shows this help | | SELECT * FROM backends | lists the backends and their state | | SET OFFLINE $backend_id | offline backend server, $backend_id is backend_ndx's id | | SET ONLINE $backend_id | online backend server, ... | | ADD MASTER $backend | example: "add master 127.0.0.1:3306", ... | | ADD SLAVE $backend | example: "add slave 127.0.0.1:3306", ... | | REMOVE BACKEND $backend_id | example: "remove backend 1", ... | | SELECT * FROM clients | lists the clients | | ADD CLIENT $client | example: "add client 192.168.1.2", ... | | REMOVE CLIENT $client | example: "remove client 192.168.1.2", ... | | SELECT * FROM pwds | lists the pwds | | ADD PWD $pwd | example: "add pwd user:raw_password", ... | | ADD ENPWD $pwd | example: "add enpwd user:encrypted_password", ... | | REMOVE PWD $pwd | example: "remove pwd user", ... | | SAVE CONFIG | save the backends to config file | | SELECT VERSION | display the version of Atlas | +----------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ 16 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2. 查看数据库节点状态
mysql> select * from backends; +-------------+----------------+-------+------+ | backend_ndx | address | state | type | +-------------+----------------+-------+------+ | 1 | 10.0.0.55:3306 | up | rw | | 2 | 10.0.0.52:3306 | up | ro | | 3 | 10.0.0.53:3306 | up | ro | +-------------+----------------+-------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. 上线和下线节点
set offline $backend_id --下线例子：set offline 2; set online $backend_id --上线例子：set online 2;
4. 添加删除节点
ADD MASTER $backend --添加主节点例子：add master 10.0.0.54:3306; ADD slave $backend --添加从节点例子：add slave 10.0.0.54:3306; REMOVE BACKEND $backend_id --删除节点
5. 用户管理
select * from pwds --查看用户 ADD PWD $pwd --添加一个用户，使用的是明文 ADD ENPWD $pwd --添加一个用户，使用密文 REMOVE PWD $pwd --删除用户
6. 永久生效
mysql> save config;
- 企业用户管理案例
1. 数据库主节点
grant all on *.* to china@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';
2. Atlas中添加数据库用户
#明文 ADD PWD china:123; #密文 /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/encrypt 123 [root@db01 ~]# /usr/local/mysql-proxy/bin/encrypt 123 3yb5jEku5h4= ADD ENPWD china:3yb5jEku5h4=
配置永久生效
save config;
| 实例 | 端口 | 数据目录 | |
| db01 | mysql3307 | 3307 | /data/3307/data |
| db02 | mysql3308 | 3308 | /data/3308/data |
| mysql3309 | 3309 | /data/3309/data | |
| mysql3310 | 3310 |
- 架构图：
-
环境准备
-
-
数据库版本：MySQL 5.7.28
-
两台虚拟机：db01、db02
-
每台创建四个MySQL实例：3307、3308、3309、3310
-
pkill mysqld rm -rf /data/33{07..10} mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
3. 创建相关目录初始化数据
mkdir /data/33{07..10}/data -p mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3308/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3309/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/data/3310/data --basedir=/app/database/mysql
4.准备配置文件和脚本
- db01配置文件和启动脚本
#db01配置文件 cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3307/data socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock port=3307 log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=7 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3308/data port=3308 socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=8 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3309/data socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock port=3309 log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=9 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3310/data socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock port=3310 log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=10 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF #db01启动文件 cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF
- db02配置文件和启动文件
#配置文件 cat >/data/3307/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3307/data socket=/data/3307/mysql.sock port=3307 log-error=/data/3307/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3307/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=17 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3308/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3308/data port=3308 socket=/data/3308/mysql.sock log-error=/data/3308/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3308/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=18 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3309/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3309/data socket=/data/3309/mysql.sock port=3309 log-error=/data/3309/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3309/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=19 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF cat >/data/3310/my.cnf<<EOF [mysqld] basedir=/app/database/mysql datadir=/data/3310/data socket=/data/3310/mysql.sock port=3310 log-error=/data/3310/mysql.log log_bin=/data/3310/mysql-bin binlog_format=row skip-name-resolve server-id=20 gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true log-slave-updates=1 EOF #启动文件 cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3307.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3307/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3308.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3308/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3309.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3309/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF cat >/etc/systemd/system/mysqld3310.service<<EOF [Unit] Description=MySQL Server Documentation=man:mysqld(8) Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html After=network.target After=syslog.target [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [Service] User=mysql Group=mysql ExecStart=/app/database/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/3310/my.cnf LimitNOFILE = 5000 EOF
5. 修改权限，启动多实例
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/* systemctl start mysqld3307 systemctl start mysqld3308 systemctl start mysqld3309 systemctl start mysqld3310 netstat -lntup mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show variables like 'server_id'"
6. 节点主从规划
箭头指向谁是主库
10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308
10.0.0.51:3310 -----> 10.0.0.51:3308
7.开始配置
##shard1
10.0.0.51:3307 <-----> 10.0.0.52:3307
- db02
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123' with grant option;"
- db01
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
- db02
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
10.0.0.51:3309 ------> 10.0.0.51:3307
- db01
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
10.0.0.52:3309 ------> 10.0.0.52:3307
- db02
mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3307, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
10.0.0.52:3308 <-----> 10.0.0.51:3308
- db01
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant replication slave on *.* to repl@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123';" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123' with grant option;"
- db02
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
- db01
mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
10.0.0.52:3310 -----> 10.0.0.52:3308
- db02
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.52', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
10.0.0.51:3310 -----> 10.0.0.51:3308
- db01
mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.0.0.51', MASTER_PORT=3308, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1, MASTER_USER='repl', MASTER_PASSWORD='123';" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "start slave;" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"
8. 检查主从状态
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:"
注：(没问题不要做这部！！！！) 如果中间出现错误，在每个节点进行执行以下命令
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "stop slave; reset slave all;"
-
-
Mycat是基于阿里开源的Cobar产品研发，Cobar的稳定性、可靠性、优秀的bib架构和性能以及众多成熟的使用案例使得Mycat变得非常强大。
-
Mycat架构图：
官方下载主页：http://www.mycat.io
下载地址：
mkdir /data/mycat/ cd /data/mycat wget http://dl.mycat.io/1.6.7.1/Mycat-server-1.6.7.1-release-20190627191042-linux.tar.gz tar xf Mycat-server-1.6.7.1-release-20190627191042-linux.tar.gz #添加 export PATH=/data/mycat/bin:$PATH #生效 source /etc/profile
- 解压到
/usr/local，创建软连接
mkdir /app/ tar xf jdk-8u221-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /app/ ln -s /app/jdk1.8.0_221/ /app/jdk
- 全局环境变量
export JAVA_HOME=/app/jdk export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH export CLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jarq . /etc/profile
- 测试版本
[root@db01 /app]# java -version java version "1.8.0_221" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_221-b11) Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.221-b11, mixed mode)
[root@db01 mycat]# mycat start Starting Mycat-server... [root@db01 mycat]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066
mycat 程序，启动和关闭mycat中间件
conf：配置相关目录
schema.xml 主配置文件
rule.xml 分片配置
server.xml mycat服务相关配置
logs：日志相关目录
wrapper.log
[root@db01 conf]# cd /data/mycat/conf/ mv schema.xml schema.xml.bak vim schema.xml # 逻辑库： <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1"> </schema> # DN数据节点（逻辑分片）：数据节点（逻辑分片）： <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database= "world" /> 作用： 垂直和水平查分。 # DH 数据主机 作用： 高可用和读写分离 <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> #写的节点 <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> #读的节点 </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
- schema.xml文件逻辑结构
word.sql链接地址：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1kUecaHEjQzsRGUlFfw4_5A 提取码：j3o9
- 配置文件
vim /data/mycat/conf/schema.xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="dn1"> </schema> <dataNode name="dn1" dataHost="localhost1" database= "world" /> <dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
- db01：
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123'; source /root/world.sql mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock grant all on *.* to root@'10.0.0.%' identified by '123'; source /root/world.sql
- 重启mycat
# mycat restart Stopping Mycat-server... Stopped Mycat-server. Starting Mycat-server...
[root@db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 10.0.0.51 -P8066 # 测试读 mysql> select @@server_id; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 9 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.05 sec) # 测试写 mysql> begin ; select @@server_id;commit; +-------------+ | @@server_id | +-------------+ | 7 | +-------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@db01 conf]# mv schema.xml schema.xml.rw [root@db01 conf]# vim schema.xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> </schema> <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "world" /> <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema> [root@db01 conf]# mycat restart Stopping Mycat-server... Stopped Mycat-server. Starting Mycat-server...
standby writehost：和readhost一样，只提供读服务
- 测试
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066 show variables like 'server_id';
- 读写分离测试
mysql -uroot -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P8066 show variables like 'server_id'; show variables like 'server_id'; show variables like 'server_id'; begin; show variables like 'server_id';
有两个参数需要注意，balance和switchType。
其中，balance指的负载均衡类型，目前的取值有4种：
-
balance="0"：不开启读写分离机制，所有读操作都发送发到当前可用的
writeHost上。 -
balance="1"：全部的readHost 与 stand by writeHost 参与 select 语句的负载均衡，简单的说，当双主双从模式(M1-->S1，M2-->S2，并且 M1与 M2 互为主备)，正常情况下，M2，S1，S2 都参与 select 语句的负载均衡。
-
balance="2"：所有读操作都随机的在
writeHost、readhost上分发。 -
balance="3"：所有读请求随机的分发到
writeHost对应的readhost执行，writeHost不负担读压力
switchType指的是切换模式，目前的取值也有4种：
-
-
switchType="1"：默认值，表示自动切换
-
switchType="2"：基于MySQL主从同步的状态决定是否切换，心跳语句为
show slave status; -
datahost其他配置
<dataHost name="localhost1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1">
-
-
minCon="10"：mycat在启动之后，会在后端节点上自动连接线程
-
systemctl restart mysqld3307
systemctl restart mysqld3308
systemctl restart mysqld3309
sysetmctl restart mysqld3310
- 查看主从状态
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3309/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:" mysql -S /data/3310/mysql.sock -e "show slave statusG"|grep "Running:"
分表架构图：
cd /data/mycat/conf mv schema.xml schema.xml.ha vim schema.xml <?xml version="1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE mycat:schema SYSTEM "schema.dtd"> <mycat:schema xmlns:mycat="http://io.mycat/"> <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> <table name="user" dataNode="sh1"/> <table name="order_t" dataNode="sh2"/> </schema> <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "taobao" /> <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="oldguo2" database= "taobao" /> <dataHost name="oldguo1" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3307" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3309" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> <dataHost name="oldguo2" maxCon="1000" minCon="10" balance="1" writeType="0" dbType="mysql" dbDriver="native" switchType="1"> <heartbeat>select user()</heartbeat> <writeHost host="db1" url="10.0.0.51:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db2" url="10.0.0.51:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> <writeHost host="db3" url="10.0.0.52:3308" user="root" password="123"> <readHost host="db4" url="10.0.0.52:3310" user="root" password="123" /> </writeHost> </dataHost> </mycat:schema>
- 创建测试库和表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "create database taobao charset utf8;" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "create database taobao charset utf8;" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table user(id int,name varchar(20))"; mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table order_t(id int,name varchar(20))"
- 重启mycat
mycat restart
- 读操作测试
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 mysql> use TESTDB; mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_taobao | +------------------+ | order_t | | user | +------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) [root@db01 /data/mycat/conf]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show tables from taobao" +------------------+ | Tables_in_taobao | +------------------+ | user | +------------------+ [root@db01 /data/mycat/conf]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "show tables from taobao" +------------------+ | Tables_in_taobao | +------------------+ | order_t | +------------------+
文章地址：https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1526776
水平拆分：
水平分表：
水平分开库分表：
-
-
地理拆分：将订单表按照不同地区将表中的数据拆分到不同数据库的order数据库中存储。比如可以安装省份来进行拆分。
-
取模拆分：取模就是刚才在水平分表讲到的比如有三个订单表，可以将id对3取余，但是区别在于水平分库分表是将同样的数据库和数据表存放在不同机器，所以可以说有效缓解单机瓶颈问题。
-
时间拆分：
- 修改schema.xml文件，定制分片策略
cp schema.xml schema.xml.1 vim schema.xml <schema name="TESTDB" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> <table name="t3" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="auto-sharding-long" /> ---对t3表进行定制分片策略 </schema> <dataNode name="sh1" dataHost="oldguo1" database= "taobao" /> <dataNode name="sh2" dataHost="oldguo2" database= "taobao" />
- rule.xml文件配置切分规则
vim rule.xml <!-- name属性指定分片规则的名称，必须在 rule.xml 文件中是唯一的 --> <tableRule name="auto-sharding-long"> <rule> <!-- 指定使用表中的哪个列进行分片 --> <columns>id</columns> <!-- 指定表的分片算法，取值为<function>标签的name属性 --> <algorithm>rang-long</algorithm> </rule> <function name="rang-long" class="io.mycat.route.function.AutoPartitionByLong"> <!-- 使用range-log需要搭配autopartition-long.txt这个文件 --> <property name="mapFile">autopartition-long.txt</property> </function>
- autopartition-long.txt 定制范围-range
# range start-end,data node index # k=1000,M=10000. 0-10=0 10-20=1 # 0,1是分片的编号
- 创建测试表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t3 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
- 测试
# 重启mycat mycat restart mysql -uroot -p123456 -h 127.0.0.1 -P 8066 insert into t3(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t3(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t3(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t3(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into t3(id,name) values(11,'aa'); insert into t3(id,name) values(12,'bb'); insert into t3(id,name) values(13,'cc'); insert into t3(id,name) values(14,'dd'); [root@db01 conf]# mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t3" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 11 | aa | | 12 | bb | | 13 | cc | | 14 | dd | +----+------+ [root@db01 conf]# mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t3" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | +----+------+
- 复制配置文件
#修改配置文件 vim schema.xml <table name="t4" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long" /> #查看和定义分片使用 vim rule.xml <property name="count">2</property> #这里我们有几个节点就写几，这里我们是2个多实例节点
- 准备测试环境
#创建t4测试表 mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t4 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" #重启mycat mycat restart #测试 mysql -root -p123456 -h10.0.0.051 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t4(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t4(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t4(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t4(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into t4(id,name) values(6,'x'),(8,'y'),(10,'z'); #分别登录后端节点查询数据 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t4" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 3 | c | +----+------+ mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t4" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 2 | b | | 4 | d | | 6 | x | | 8 | y | | 10 | z | +----+------+
- 表格规划
t5 表 id name telnum 1 bj 1212 2 sh 22222 3 bj 3333 4 sh 44444 5 bj 5555 #使用的函数 sharding-by-intfile
- schema.xml配置文件
<table name="t5" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="sharding-by-intfile" />
- rule.xml分片配置文件
vim rule.xml <tableRule name="sharding-by-intfile"> <rule> <columns>name</columns> <algorithm>hash-int</algorithm> </rule> </tableRule> <function name="hash-int" class="org.opencloudb.route.function.PartitionByFileMap"> <property name="mapFile">partition-hash-int.txt</property> <property name="type">1</property> ###type这一列，打开中英文的支持 <property name="defaultNode">1</property> ###这里行是添加的其他数据默认加入sh=1里面 </function>
bj=0 sh=1 DEFAULT_NODE=1 #上面这个参数是其他数据往sh=1这个表里走
注：columns 标识将要分片的表字段，algorithm 分片函数， 其中分片函数配置中，mapFile标识配置文件名称
- 准备测试环境
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t5 (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
- 重启mycat，查看结构
#重启 mycat restart #连接加入表数据 mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t5(id,name) values(1,'bj'); insert into t5(id,name) values(2,'sh'); insert into t5(id,name) values(3,'bj'); insert into t5(id,name) values(4,'sh'); insert into t5(id,name) values(5,'tj'); #查看结果 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t5" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 2 | sh | | 4 | sh | | 5 | tj | +----+------+ mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t5" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | bj | | 3 | bj | +----+------+
a b c d ..... join t select t1.name ,t.x from t1 join t select t2.name ,t.x from t2 join t select t3.name ,t.x from t3 join t
注：所有表都要去join t这张表，我们要把这张表变成全局表
-
如果你的业务中有些数据类似于数据字典，比如配置文件的配置， 常用业务的配置或者数据量不大很少变动的表，这些表往往不是特别大， 而且大部分的业务场景都会用到，那么这种表适合于Mycat全局表，无须对数据进行切分， 要在所有的分片上保存一份数据即可，Mycat 在Join操作中，业务表与全局表进行Join聚合会优先选择相同分片内的全局表join， 避免跨库Join，在进行数据插入操作时，mycat将把数据分发到全局表对应的所有分片执行，在进行数据读取时候将会随机获取一个节点读取数据。
-
vim schema.xml <table name="t_area" primaryKey="id" type="global" dataNode="sh1,sh2" />
- 后端数据准备
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table t_area (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);"
- 重启mycat
mycat restart
- 测试
mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into t_area(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into t_area(id,name) values(4,'d'); #查看表 mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t_area" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | +----+------+ mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.t_area" +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | a | | 2 | b | | 3 | c | | 4 | d | +----+------+
比如：
怎么办?
a join b on a.xx =b.yy
为了防止跨分片join，可以使用E-R模式
<table name="a" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long"> <childTable name="b" joinKey="aid" parentKey="id" /> </table>
### a表结构 id name 1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d ### b表结构 id addr aid 1001 bj 1 1002 sh 2 1003 tj 3 1004 wh 4 ### 两表之间join关联 select * from a join b on a.id = b.aid where a.name=d
例子：a表和b表做E-R分片，并进行join
1. 修改配置文件
vim schema.xml <table name="a" dataNode="sh1,sh2" rule="mod-long_china"> <childTable name="b" joinKey="aid" parentKey="id" /> </table>
注：a是主，b是负
2. 修改rule.xml mod-log分片策略：
vim rule.xml <tableRule name="mod-long_china"> <rule> <columns>id</columns> <algorithm>mod-long_china</algorithm> </rule> </tableRule> <function name="mod-long_china" class="io.mycat.route.function.PartitionByMod"> <!-- how many data nodes --> <property name="count">2</property> </function>
注：tableRule里的name是我们自定义的，在文件下方的函数也要进行创建，可以参考旁边的mod-log
3. 创建测试表
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table a (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table b (id int not null primary key auto_increment,addr varchar(20) not null ,aid int );" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table a (id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20) not null);" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "use taobao;create table b (id int not null primary key auto_increment,addr varchar(20) not null ,aid int );"
4. 重启mycat测试
mycat restart mysql -uroot -p123456 -h10.0.0.51 -P8066 use TESTDB insert into a(id,name) values(1,'a'); insert into a(id,name) values(2,'b'); insert into a(id,name) values(3,'c'); insert into a(id,name) values(4,'d'); insert into a(id,name) values(5,'e'); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1001,'bj',1); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1002,'sj',3); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1003,'sd',4); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1004,'we',2); insert into b(id,addr,aid) values(1005,'er',5);
5. 后端数据节点数据分布
mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.a" mysql -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.b" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.a" mysql -S /data/3308/mysql.sock -e "select * from taobao.b"
1. 逻辑库名
schema.xml <schema name="china" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> server.xml <user name="root" defaultAccount="true"> <property name="password">123456</property> <property name="schemas">oldboy,oldguo</property> <property name="defaultSchema">oldboy</property> <!--No MyCAT Database selected 错误前会尝试使用该schema作为schema，不设置则为null,报错 --> <!-- 表级 DML 权限设置 --> <!-- <privileges check="false"> <schema name="TESTDB" dml="0110" > <table name="tb01" dml="0000"></table> <table name="tb02" dml="1111"></table> </schema> </privileges> --> </user> <user name="user"> <property name="password">user</property> <property name="schemas">oldboy</property> <property name="readOnly">true</property> <property name="defaultSchema">oldboy</property> </user>
2. 添加一个逻辑库
schema.xml <schema name="china" checkSQLschema="false" sqlMaxLimit="100" dataNode="sh1"> </schema> server.xml <property name="schemas">oldboy,oldguo</property>