poj 2065 高斯消元（取模的方程组）

SETI

Time Limit: 1000MS		Memory Limit: 30000K
Total Submissions: 1735		Accepted: 1085

Description

For some years, quite a lot of work has been put into listening to electromagnetic radio signals received from space, in order to understand what civilizations in distant galaxies might be trying to tell us. One signal source that has been of particular interest to the scientists at Universit´e de Technologie Spatiale is the Nebula Stupidicus. 
Recently, it was discovered that if each message is assumed to be transmitted as a sequence of integers a0, a1, ...a_n-1 the function f (k) = ∑_0<=i<=n-1a_ikⁱ (mod p) always evaluates to values 0 <= f (k) <= 26 for 1 <= k <= n, provided that the correct value of p is used. n is of course the length of the transmitted message, and the ai denote integers such that 0 <= a_i < p. p is a prime number that is guaranteed to be larger than n as well as larger than 26. It is, however, known to never exceed 30 000. 
These relationships altogether have been considered too peculiar for being pure coincidences, which calls for further investigation. 
The linguists at the faculty of Langues et Cultures Extraterrestres transcribe these messages to strings in the English alphabet to make the messages easier to handle while trying to interpret their meanings. The transcription procedure simply assigns the letters a..z to the values 1..26 that f (k) might evaluate to, such that 1 = a, 2 = b etc. The value 0 is transcribed to '*' (an asterisk). While transcribing messages, the linguists simply loop from k = 1 to n, and append the character corresponding to the value of f (k) at the end of the string. 
The backward transcription procedure, has however, turned out to be too complex for the linguists to handle by themselves. You are therefore assigned the task of writing a program that converts a set of strings to their corresponding Extra Terrestial number sequences.

Input

On the first line of the input there is a single positive integer N, telling the number of test cases to follow. Each case consists of one line containing the value of p to use during the transcription of the string, followed by the actual string to be transcribed. The only allowed characters in the string are the lower case letters 'a'..'z' and '*' (asterisk). No string will be longer than 70 characters.

Output

For each transcribed string, output a line with the corresponding list of integers, separated by space, with each integer given in the order of ascending values of i.

Sample Input

3
31 aaa
37 abc
29 hello*earth

Sample Output

1 0 0
0 1 0
8 13 9 13 4 27 18 10 12 24 15

题意：

表示最开始并没有看懂题目是什么意思，那一串字母代表f[i]的值

f(k) = ∑_0<=i<=n-1a_ikⁱ (mod p)转换成方程组便是，

a0*1^0 + a1*1^1+a2*1^2+........+an-1*1^(n-1) = f(1)

a0*2^0 + a1*2^1+a2*2^2+........+an-1*2^(n-1) = f(2)

......

a0*n^0 + a1*n^1+a2*n^2+........+an-1*n^(n-1) = f(n)

然后利用高斯消元求解 

/*
poj 2065
解对mod取模的方程组
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
typedef long double ld;

using namespace std;
const int maxn = 105;

int equ,var;
int a[maxn][maxn];
int b[maxn][maxn];
int x[maxn];
int free_x[maxn];
int free_num;
int n;
void debug()
{
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        for(int j = 0; j <= n; j++)
            printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
        printf("
");
    }
}

int gcd(int a,int b)
{
    while(b)
    {
        int tmp = b;
        b = a%b;
        a = tmp;
    }
    return a;
}

int lcm(int a,int b)
{
    return a/gcd(a,b)*b;
}



int Gauss(int mod)
{
    int max_r,col,k;
    free_num = 0;
    for(k = 0,col = 0; k < equ && col < var; k++,col++)
    {
        max_r = k;
        for(int i = k+1; i < equ; i++)
        {
            if(abs(a[i][col]) > abs(a[max_r][col]))
                max_r = i;
        }
        if(a[max_r][col] == 0)
        {
            k --;
            free_x[free_num++] = col;
            continue;
        }
        if(max_r != k)
        {
            for(int j = col; j < var+1; j++)
                swap(a[k][j],a[max_r][j]);

        }
        for(int i = k + 1; i < equ; i++)
        {
            if(a[i][col] != 0)
            {
                int LCM = lcm(abs(a[i][col]),abs(a[k][col]));
                int ta = LCM / abs(a[i][col]);
                int tb = LCM / abs(a[k][col]);
                if(a[i][col] * a[k][col] < 0) tb = -tb;
                for(int j = col; j < var+1; j++)
                {
                    a[i][j] = ((a[i][j]*ta - a[k][j]*tb)%mod+mod)%mod;
                }
            }
        }

    }
    for(int i = k; i < equ; i++)
        if(a[i][col] != 0)
            return -1;
    if(k < var) return var-k;

    for(int i = var-1; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        ll temp = a[i][var];
        for(int j = i +1; j < var; j++)
            temp =((temp- a[i][j]*x[j])%mod+mod)%mod;
        while(temp % a[i][i]) temp += mod;
        temp /= a[i][i];
        temp %= mod;

        x[i] = temp;
    }
    return 0;

}

void ini()
{
    memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
    memset(x,0,sizeof(x));
    equ = n;
    var = n;
}


char str[105];
int main()
{
    int T,p;
    scanf("%d",&T);
    while(T--)
    {
        scanf("%d",&p);
        scanf("%s",str);
        n = strlen(str);
        ini();
        for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
        {
            if(str[i]=='*')
                a[i][n]=0;
            else
                a[i][n]=str[i]-'a'+1;
            a[i][0]=1;
            for(int j=1; j<n; j++)
                a[i][j]=(a[i][j-1]*(i+1))%p;
        }

        //debug();
        Gauss(p);

        for(int i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
            printf("%d ",x[i]);
        printf("%d
",x[n-1]);
    }
    return 0;
}