fx
fx 为 uber 提供的一个 控制反转和自动化装配的golang语言的解决方案
demo 示例
示例：
package main
import (
"context"
"log"
"net/http"
"os"
"time"
"go.uber.org/fx"
)
// NewLogger constructs a logger. It's just a regular Go function, without any
// special relationship to Fx.
//
// Since it returns a *log.Logger, Fx will treat NewLogger as the constructor
// function for the standard library's logger. (We'll see how to integrate
// NewLogger into an Fx application in the main function.) Since NewLogger
// doesn't have any parameters, Fx will infer that loggers don't depend on any
// other types - we can create them from thin air.
//
// Fx calls constructors lazily, so NewLogger will only be called only if some
// other function needs a logger. Once instantiated, the logger is cached and
// reused - within the application, it's effectively a singleton.
//
// By default, Fx applications only allow one constructor for each type. See
// the documentation of the In and Out types for ways around this restriction.
func NewLogger() *log.Logger {
logger := log.New(os.Stdout, "" /* prefix */, 0 /* flags */)
logger.Print("Executing NewLogger.")
return logger
}
// NewHandler constructs a simple HTTP handler. Since it returns an
// http.Handler, Fx will treat NewHandler as the constructor for the
// http.Handler type.
//
// Like many Go functions, NewHandler also returns an error. If the error is
// non-nil, Go convention tells the caller to assume that NewHandler failed
// and the other returned values aren't safe to use. Fx understands this
// idiom, and assumes that any function whose last return value is an error
// follows this convention.
//
// Unlike NewLogger, NewHandler has formal parameters. Fx will interpret these
// parameters as dependencies: in order to construct an HTTP handler,
// NewHandler needs a logger. If the application has access to a *log.Logger
// constructor (like NewLogger above), it will use that constructor or its
// cached output and supply a logger to NewHandler. If the application doesn't
// know how to construct a logger and needs an HTTP handler, it will fail to
// start.
//
// Functions may also return multiple objects. For example, we could combine
// NewHandler and NewLogger into a single function:
//
// func NewHandlerAndLogger() (*log.Logger, http.Handler, error)
//
// Fx also understands this idiom, and would treat NewHandlerAndLogger as the
// constructor for both the *log.Logger and http.Handler types. Just like
// constructors for a single type, NewHandlerAndLogger would be called at most
// once, and both the handler and the logger would be cached and reused as
// necessary.
func NewHandler(logger *log.Logger) (http.Handler, error) {
logger.Print("Executing NewHandler.")
return http.HandlerFunc(func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request) {
logger.Print("Got a request.")
}), nil
}
// NewMux constructs an HTTP mux. Like NewHandler, it depends on *log.Logger.
// However, it also depends on the Fx-specific Lifecycle interface.
//
// A Lifecycle is available in every Fx application. It lets objects hook into
// the application's start and stop phases. In a non-Fx application, the main
// function often includes blocks like this:
//
// srv, err := NewServer() // some long-running network server
// if err != nil {
// log.Fatalf("failed to construct server: %v", err)
// }
// // Construct other objects as necessary.
// go srv.Start()
// defer srv.Stop()
//
// In this example, the programmer explicitly constructs a bunch of objects,
// crashing the program if any of the constructors encounter unrecoverable
// errors. Once all the objects are constructed, we start any background
// goroutines and defer cleanup functions.
//
// Fx removes the manual object construction with dependency injection. It
// replaces the inline goroutine spawning and deferred cleanups with the
// Lifecycle type.
//
// Here, NewMux makes an HTTP mux available to other functions. Since
// constructors are called lazily, we know that NewMux won't be called unless
// some other function wants to register a handler. This makes it easy to use
// Fx's Lifecycle to start an HTTP server only if we have handlers registered.
func NewMux(lc fx.Lifecycle, logger *log.Logger) *http.ServeMux {
logger.Print("Executing NewMux.")
// First, we construct the mux and server. We don't want to start the server
// until all handlers are registered.
mux := http.NewServeMux()
server := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: mux,
}
// If NewMux is called, we know that another function is using the mux. In
// that case, we'll use the Lifecycle type to register a Hook that starts
// and stops our HTTP server.
//
// Hooks are executed in dependency order. At startup, NewLogger's hooks run
// before NewMux's. On shutdown, the order is reversed.
//
// Returning an error from OnStart hooks interrupts application startup. Fx
// immediately runs the OnStop portions of any successfully-executed OnStart
// hooks (so that types which started cleanly can also shut down cleanly),
// then exits.
//
// Returning an error from OnStop hooks logs a warning, but Fx continues to
// run the remaining hooks.
lc.Append(fx.Hook{
// To mitigate the impact of deadlocks in application startup and
// shutdown, Fx imposes a time limit on OnStart and OnStop hooks. By
// default, hooks have a total of 15 seconds to complete. Timeouts are
// passed via Go's usual context.Context.
OnStart: func(context.Context) error {
logger.Print("Starting HTTP server.")
// In production, we'd want to separate the Listen and Serve phases for
// better error-handling.
go server.ListenAndServe()
return nil
},
OnStop: func(ctx context.Context) error {
logger.Print("Stopping HTTP server.")
return server.Shutdown(ctx)
},
})
return mux
}
// Register mounts our HTTP handler on the mux.
//
// Register is a typical top-level application function: it takes a generic
// type like ServeMux, which typically comes from a third-party library, and
// introduces it to a type that contains our application logic. In this case,
// that introduction consists of registering an HTTP handler. Other typical
// examples include registering RPC procedures and starting queue consumers.
//
// Fx calls these functions invocations, and they're treated differently from
// the constructor functions above. Their arguments are still supplied via
// dependency injection and they may still return an error to indicate
// failure, but any other return values are ignored.
//
// Unlike constructors, invocations are called eagerly. See the main function
// below for details.
func Register(mux *http.ServeMux, h http.Handler) {
mux.Handle("/", h)
}
func main() {
app := fx.New(
// Provide all the constructors we need, which teaches Fx how we'd like to
// construct the *log.Logger, http.Handler, and *http.ServeMux types.
// Remember that constructors are called lazily, so this block doesn't do
// much on its own.
fx.Provide(
NewLogger,
NewHandler,
NewMux,
),
// Since constructors are called lazily, we need some invocations to
// kick-start our application. In this case, we'll use Register. Since it
// depends on an http.Handler and *http.ServeMux, calling it requires Fx
// to build those types using the constructors above. Since we call
// NewMux, we also register Lifecycle hooks to start and stop an HTTP
// server.
fx.Invoke(Register),
)
// In a typical application, we could just use app.Run() here. Since we
// don't want this example to run forever, we'll use the more-explicit Start
// and Stop.
startCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
defer cancel()
if err := app.Start(startCtx); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// Normally, we'd block here with <-app.Done(). Instead, we'll make an HTTP
// request to demonstrate that our server is running.
http.Get("http://localhost:8080/")
stopCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 15*time.Second)
defer cancel()
if err := app.Stop(stopCtx); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
核心代码分析
核心方法
fx.Provide
提供构造函数
func Provide(constructors ...interface{}) Option {
return provideOption{
Targets: constructors,
Stack: fxreflect.CallerStack(1, 0),
}
}
fx.Invoke
声明目标函数
func Invoke(funcs ...interface{}) Option {
return invokeOption{
Targets: funcs,
Stack: fxreflect.CallerStack(1, 0),
}
}
fx.New
根据provide，invoke构造依赖关系图，
执行 invoke 里面的类
func New(opts ...Option) *App {
logger := fxlog.New()
lc := &lifecycleWrapper{lifecycle.New(logger)}
app := &App{
lifecycle: lc,
logger: logger,
startTimeout: DefaultTimeout,
stopTimeout: DefaultTimeout,
}
for _, opt := range opts {
opt.apply(app)
}
app.container = dig.New(
dig.DeferAcyclicVerification(),
dig.DryRun(app.validate),
)
for _, p := range app.provides {
app.provide(p)
}
frames := fxreflect.CallerStack(0, 0) // include New in the stack for default Provides
app.provide(provide{
Target: func() Lifecycle { return app.lifecycle },
Stack: frames,
})
app.provide(provide{Target: app.shutdowner, Stack: frames})
app.provide(provide{Target: app.dotGraph, Stack: frames})
if app.err != nil {
app.logger.Printf("Error after options were applied: %v", app.err)
return app
}
if err := app.executeInvokes(); err != nil {
app.err = err
if dig.CanVisualizeError(err) {
var b bytes.Buffer
dig.Visualize(app.container, &b, dig.VisualizeError(err))
err = errorWithGraph{
graph: b.String(),
err: err,
}
}
errorHandlerList(app.errorHooks).HandleError(err)
}
return app
}
app.Start
// 调用 app.start 启动
func (app *App) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
return withTimeout(ctx, app.start)
}
//app.start 执行 hook
func (app *App) start(ctx context.Context) error {
if app.err != nil {
// Some provides failed, short-circuit immediately.
return app.err
}
// Attempt to start cleanly.
if err := app.lifecycle.Start(ctx); err != nil {
// Start failed, roll back.
app.logger.Printf("ERROR Start failed, rolling back: %v", err)
if stopErr := app.lifecycle.Stop(ctx); stopErr != nil {
app.logger.Printf("ERROR Couldn't rollback cleanly: %v", stopErr)
return multierr.Append(err, stopErr)
}
return err
}
app.logger.Printf("RUNNING")
return nil
}
缺点
- 写法上感觉不太优雅
- 自动获取实例的形式
- 在构造函数自动注入的方式可能比较友好