MySQL之数据类型

数据类型

作用

• 不同的事物拥有不同的特征类型需要用不同的数据类型来表示
• MySQL中数据类型对数据库优化非常重要

数据类型分类

数值类型

'''
tinyint,占 1 字节， 有符号： -138~137， 无符号位： 0~255
smallint,占 2 字节， 有符号： -32768~32767， 无符号位： 0~65535
mediumint,占 3 字节， 有符号： -8388608~8388607， 无符号位： 0~16777215
int,占 4 字节， 有符号： -2147483648~2147483647， 无符号位： 0~4284967295
bigint,占 8 字节
bool 等价于 tinyint(1) 布尔型

浮点型
float([m[,d]]) 占 4 字节， 1.17E-38~3.4E+38
double([m[,d]]) 占 8 字节
decimal([m[,d]]) 以字符串形式表示的浮点数
'''

int

# 创建表一个是默认宽度的int，一个是指定宽度的int(5)
mysql> create table t1 (id1 int,id2 int(5));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

# 像t1中插入数据1，1
mysql> insert into t1 values (1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

# 可以看出结果上并没有异常
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+------+
| id1  | id2  |
+------+------+
|    1 |    1 |
+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 那么当我们插入了比宽度更大的值，会不会发生报错呢？
mysql> insert into t1 values (111111,111111);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 答案是否定的，id2仍然显示了正确的数值，没有受到宽度限制的影响
mysql> select * from t1;
+------------+--------+
| id1        | id2    |
+------------+--------+
| 0000000001 |  00001 |
| 0000111111 | 111111 |
+------------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 修改id1字段 给字段添加一个unsigned表示无符号
mysql> alter table t1 modify id1 int unsigned;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc t1;
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type             | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id1   | int(10) unsigned | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| id2   | int(5)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 当给id1添加的数据大于214748364时，可以顺利插入
mysql> insert into t1 values (2147483648,2147483647);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 当给id2添加的数据大于214748364时，会报错
mysql> insert into t1 values (2147483647,2147483648);
ERROR 1264 (22003): Out of range value for column 'id2' at row 1

小数示例

# 创建表的三个字段分别为float，double和decimal参数表示一共显示5位，小数部分占2位
mysql> create table t2 (id1 float(5,2),id2 double(5,2),id3 decimal(5,2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

# 向表中插入1.23，结果正常
mysql> insert into t2 values (1.23,1.23,1.23);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
+------+------+------+
| id1  | id2  | id3  |
+------+------+------+
| 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
+------+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 向表中插入1.234，会发现4都被截断了
mysql> insert into t2 values (1.234,1.234,1.234);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
+------+------+------+
| id1  | id2  | id3  |
+------+------+------+
| 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
| 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
+------+------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 向表中插入1.235发现数据虽然被截断，但是遵循了四舍五入的规则
mysql> insert into t2 values (1.235,1.235,1.235);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t2;
+------+------+------+
| id1  | id2  | id3  |
+------+------+------+
| 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
| 1.23 | 1.23 | 1.23 |
| 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.24 |
+------+------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 建新表去掉参数约束
mysql> create table t3 (id1 float,id2 double,id3 decimal);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

# 分别插入1.234
mysql> insert into t3 values (1.234,1.234,1.234);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

# 发现decimal默认值是(10,0)的整数
mysql> select * from t3;
+-------+-------+------+
| id1   | id2   | id3  |
+-------+-------+------+
| 1.234 | 1.234 |    1 |
+-------+-------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 当对小数位没有约束的时候，输入超长的小数，会发现float和double的区别
mysql> insert into t3 values (1.2355555555555555555,1.2355555555555555555,1.2355555555555555555555);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t3;
+---------+--------------------+------+
| id1     | id2                | id3  |
+---------+--------------------+------+
|   1.234 |              1.234 |    1 |
| 1.23556 | 1.2355555555555555 |    1 |
+---------+--------------------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

字符串类型

'''
char([m])：固定长度的字符,占用 m 字节
varchar[(m)]：可变长度的字符,占用 m+1 字节，大于 255 个字符：占用 m+2
tinytext,255 个字符(2 的 8 次方)
text,65535 个字符(2 的 16 次方)
mediumtext,16777215 字符(2 的 24 次方)
longtext,(2 的 32 次方)
enum(value,value,...)占 1/2 个字节 最多可以有 65535 个成员
set(value,value,...)占 1/2/3/4/8 个字节，最多可以有 64 个成员
'''

char/varchar

ysql> create table t9 (v varchar(4),c char(4));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t9 values ('ab  ','ab  ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 在检索的时候char数据类型会去掉空格
mysql> select * from t9;
+------+------+
| v    | c    |
+------+------+
| ab   | ab   |
+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 来看看对查询结果计算的长度
mysql> select length(v),length(c) from t9;
+-----------+-----------+
| length(v) | length(c) |
+-----------+-----------+
|         4 |         2 |
+-----------+-----------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 给结果拼上一个加号会更清楚
mysql> select concat(v,'+'),concat(c,'+') from t9;
+---------------+---------------+
| concat(v,'+') | concat(c,'+') |
+---------------+---------------+
| ab  +         | ab+           |
+---------------+---------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 当存储的长度超出定义的长度，会截断
mysql> insert into t9 values ('abcd  ','abcd  ');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t9;
+------+------+
| v    | c    |
+------+------+
| ab   | ab   |
| abcd | abcd |
+------+------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

时间类型

date/time/datetime示例

mysql> create table t4 (d date,t time,dt datetime);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t4;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d     | date     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| t     | time     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| dt    | datetime | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t4 values (now(),now(),now());
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t4;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2018-09-21 | 14:51:51 | 2018-09-21 14:51:51 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t4 values (null,null,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t4;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d          | t        | dt                  |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2018-09-21 | 14:51:51 | 2018-09-21 14:51:51 |
| NULL       | NULL     | NULL                |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

timestamp示例

mysql> create table t5 (id1 timestamp);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t5;
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type      | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| id1   | timestamp | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 插入数据null，会自动插入当前时间的时间
mysql> insert into t5 values (null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t5;
+---------------------+
| id1                 |
+---------------------+
| 2018-09-21 14:56:50 |
+---------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

#添加一列 默认值是'0000-00-00 00:00:00'
mysql> alter table t5 add id2 timestamp;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table t5 G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: t5
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t5` (
  `id1` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `id2` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00'
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR: 
No query specified

# 手动修改新的列默认值为当前时间
mysql> alter table t5 modify id2 timestamp default current_timestamp;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show create table t5 G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: t5
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t5` (
  `id1` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `id2` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
row in set (0.00 sec)

ERROR: 
No query specified

mysql> insert into t5 values (null,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t5;
+---------------------+---------------------+
| id1                 | id2                 |
+---------------------+---------------------+
| 2018-09-21 14:56:50 | 0000-00-00 00:00:00 |
| 2018-09-21 14:59:31 | 2018-09-21 14:59:31 |
+---------------------+---------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

timestamp示例2

mysql> create table t6 (t1 timestamp);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc t6;
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| Field | Type      | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
| t1    | timestamp | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
+-------+-----------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+
row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t6 values (19700101080001);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t6;
+---------------------+
| t1                  |
+---------------------+
| 1970-01-01 08:00:01 |
+---------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
# timestamp时间的下限是19700101080001
mysql> insert into t6 values (19700101080000);
ERROR 1292 (22007): Incorrect datetime value: '19700101080000' for column 't1' at row 1

mysql> insert into t6 values ('2038-01-19 11:14:07');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
# timestamp时间的上限是2038-01-19 11:14:07
mysql> insert into t6 values ('2038-01-19 11:14:08');
ERROR 1292 (22007): Incorrect datetime value: '2038-01-19 11:14:08' for column 't1' at row 1

year示例

mysql> create table t7 (y year);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> insert into t7 values (2018);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t7;
+------+
| y    |
+------+
| 2018 |
+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

datetime示例

mysql> create table t8 (dt datetime);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t8 values ('2018-9-26 12:20:10');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into t8 values ('2018/9/26 12+20+10');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t8 values ('20180926122010');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t8 values (20180926122010);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t8;
+---------------------+
| dt                  |
+---------------------+
| 2018-09-26 12:20:10 |
| 2018-09-26 12:20:10 |
| 2018-09-26 12:20:10 |
| 2018-09-26 12:20:10 |
+---------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

ENUM和SET类型

• ENUM中文名称叫枚举类型，它的值范围需要在创建表时通过枚举方式显示。ENUM只允许从值集合中选取单个值，而不能一次取多个值。
• SET和ENUM非常相似，也是一个字符串对象，里面可以包含0-64个成员。根据成员的不同，存储上也有所不同。
• set类型可以允许值集合中任意选择1或多个元素进行组合。对超出范围的内容将不允许注入，而对重复的值将进行自动去重。

set/enum示例

mysql> create table t10 (name char(20),gender enum('female','male'));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 选择enum('female','male')中的一项作为gender的值，可以正常插入
mysql> insert into t10 values ('nick','male');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 不能同时插入'male,female'两个值，也不能插入不属于'male,female'的值
mysql> insert into t10 values ('nick','male,female');
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'gender' at row 1

mysql> create table t11 (name char(20),hobby set('抽烟','喝酒','烫头','翻车'));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

# 可以任意选择set('抽烟','喝酒','烫头','翻车')中的项，并自带去重功能
mysql> insert into t11 values ('tank','烫头,喝酒,烫头');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from t11;
+------+---------------+
| name | hobby        |
+------+---------------+
| tank | 喝酒,烫头     |
+------+---------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

# 不能选择不属于set('抽烟','喝酒','烫头','翻车')中的项，
mysql> insert into t11 values ('jason','烫头,翻车,看妹子');
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'hobby' at row 1