ansible基础☞第一条命令

我的两个测试机：

系统：

ubuntu 16.04.2

ansible-master:

192.168.0.107

ansible-slave:

192.168.0.108

ansible版本：

root@ansible-master:/etc/ansible# ansible --version
ansible 2.0.0.2
  config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  configured module search path = /usr/share/my_modules/

安装方法：

默认apt安装

安装命令： 

apt install ansible -y

默认安装路径：

/etc/ansible

目录结构：

root@ansible-master:/etc/ansible# tree /etc/ansible/ 
/etc/ansible/
├── ansible.cfg
└── hosts

0 directories, 2 files

/etc/ansible
├── ansible.cfg
├── hosts
├── hosts.yml
└── roles
    └── booster
        ├── files
        │   └── booster
        ├── handlers
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── tasks
        │   └── main.yml
        └── templates
            └── config.json.j2

一 实现master-->slave无密码登录

1.1 生成ssh秘钥文件

ssh-keygen -t rsa #生成密钥

1.2 将公钥分别发送到slave机器上

ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub 192.168.0.108

1.3 ssh远程slave端

root@ansible-master:~# ssh root@192.168.0.108
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-62-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

94 packages can be updated.
44 updates are security updates.


Last login: Tue Jun  6 05:52:56 2017 from 192.168.0.107
root@ansible-slave:~# 
######################################
无需输入密码，则ok

1.4 添加主机ip到hosts文件中

默认文件： /etc/ansible/hosts

root@ansible-master:/etc/ansible# cat hosts 
[test] #可以设置组名，用[]括上
192.168.0.108  #slave 端ip

# config file for ansible -- http://ansible.com/
# ==============================================

# nearly all parameters can be overridden in ansible-playbook 
# or with command line flags. ansible will read ANSIBLE_CONFIG,
# ansible.cfg in the current working directory, .ansible.cfg in
# the home directory or /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg, whichever it
# finds first

[defaults]

# some basic default values...

inventory      = /etc/ansible/hosts
library        = /usr/share/my_modules/
remote_tmp     = $HOME/.ansible/tmp
forks          = 5
poll_interval  = 15
sudo_user      = root
#ask_sudo_pass = True
#ask_pass      = True
transport      = smart
remote_port    = 22
module_lang    = C

# plays will gather facts by default, which contain information about
# the remote system.
#
# smart - gather by default, but don't regather if already gathered
# implicit - gather by default, turn off with gather_facts: False
# explicit - do not gather by default, must say gather_facts: True
gathering = implicit

# additional paths to search for roles in, colon separated
roles_path    = /etc/ansible/roles

# uncomment this to disable SSH key host checking
#host_key_checking = False

# change the default callback
#stdout_callback = skippy
# enable additional callbacks
#callback_whitelist = timer, mail

# change this for alternative sudo implementations
sudo_exe = sudo

# What flags to pass to sudo
# WARNING: leaving out the defaults might create unexpected behaviours
#sudo_flags = -H -S -n

# SSH timeout
timeout = 10

# default user to use for playbooks if user is not specified
# (/usr/bin/ansible will use current user as default)
#remote_user = root

# logging is off by default unless this path is defined
# if so defined, consider logrotate
#log_path = /var/log/ansible.log

# default module name for /usr/bin/ansible
#module_name = command

# use this shell for commands executed under sudo
# you may need to change this to bin/bash in rare instances
# if sudo is constrained
#executable = /bin/sh

# if inventory variables overlap, does the higher precedence one win
# or are hash values merged together?  The default is 'replace' but
# this can also be set to 'merge'.
#hash_behaviour = replace

# by default, variables from roles will be visible in the global variable
# scope. To prevent this, the following option can be enabled, and only
# tasks and handlers within the role will see the variables there
#private_role_vars = yes

# list any Jinja2 extensions to enable here:
#jinja2_extensions = jinja2.ext.do,jinja2.ext.i18n

# if set, always use this private key file for authentication, same as 
# if passing --private-key to ansible or ansible-playbook
#private_key_file = /path/to/file

# format of string {{ ansible_managed }} available within Jinja2
# templates indicates to users editing templates files will be replaced.
# replacing {file}, {host} and {uid} and strftime codes with proper values.
ansible_managed = Ansible managed: {file} modified on %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S by {uid} on {host}
# This short version is better used in templates as it won't flag the file as changed every run.
#ansible_managed = Ansible managed: {file} on {host}

# by default, ansible-playbook will display "Skipping [host]" if it determines a task
# should not be run on a host.  Set this to "False" if you don't want to see these "Skipping" 
# messages. NOTE: the task header will still be shown regardless of whether or not the 
# task is skipped.
#display_skipped_hosts = True

# by default (as of 1.3), Ansible will raise errors when attempting to dereference 
# Jinja2 variables that are not set in templates or action lines. Uncomment this line
# to revert the behavior to pre-1.3.
#error_on_undefined_vars = False

# by default (as of 1.6), Ansible may display warnings based on the configuration of the
# system running ansible itself. This may include warnings about 3rd party packages or
# other conditions that should be resolved if possible.
# to disable these warnings, set the following value to False:
#system_warnings = True

# by default (as of 1.4), Ansible may display deprecation warnings for language
# features that should no longer be used and will be removed in future versions.
# to disable these warnings, set the following value to False:
#deprecation_warnings = True

# (as of 1.8), Ansible can optionally warn when usage of the shell and
# command module appear to be simplified by using a default Ansible module
# instead.  These warnings can be silenced by adjusting the following
# setting or adding warn=yes or warn=no to the end of the command line 
# parameter string.  This will for example suggest using the git module
# instead of shelling out to the git command.
# command_warnings = False


# set plugin path directories here, separate with colons
action_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/action
callback_plugins   = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/callback
connection_plugins = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/connection
lookup_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/lookup
vars_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/vars
filter_plugins     = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/filter
test_plugins       = /usr/share/ansible/plugins/test

# by default callbacks are not loaded for /bin/ansible, enable this if you
# want, for example, a notification or logging callback to also apply to 
# /bin/ansible runs
#bin_ansible_callbacks = False


# don't like cows?  that's unfortunate.
# set to 1 if you don't want cowsay support or export ANSIBLE_NOCOWS=1 
#nocows = 1

# set which cowsay stencil you'd like to use by default. When set to 'random',
# a random stencil will be selected for each task. The selection will be filtered
# against the `cow_whitelist` option below.
#cow_selection = default
#cow_selection = random

# when using the 'random' option for cowsay, stencils will be restricted to this list.
# it should be formatted as a comma-separated list with no spaces between names.
# NOTE: line continuations here are for formatting purposes only, as the INI parser
#       in python does not support them.
#cow_whitelist=bud-frogs,bunny,cheese,daemon,default,dragon,elephant-in-snake,elephant,eyes,
#              hellokitty,kitty,luke-koala,meow,milk,moofasa,moose,ren,sheep,small,stegosaurus,
#              stimpy,supermilker,three-eyes,turkey,turtle,tux,udder,vader-koala,vader,www

# don't like colors either?
# set to 1 if you don't want colors, or export ANSIBLE_NOCOLOR=1
#nocolor = 1

# if set to a persistent type (not 'memory', for example 'redis') fact values
# from previous runs in Ansible will be stored.  This may be useful when
# wanting to use, for example, IP information from one group of servers
# without having to talk to them in the same playbook run to get their
# current IP information.
fact_caching = memory


# retry files
# When a playbook fails by default a .retry file will be created in ~/
# You can disable this feature by setting retry_files_enabled to False
# and you can change the location of the files by setting retry_files_save_path

#retry_files_enabled = False
#retry_files_save_path = ~/.ansible-retry


# prevents logging of task data, off by default
#no_log = False

# prevents logging of tasks, but only on the targets, data is still logged on the master/controller
#no_target_syslog = False

# controls the compression level of variables sent to
# worker processes. At the default of 0, no compression
# is used. This value must be an integer from 0 to 9.
#var_compression_level = 9

[privilege_escalation]
#become=True
#become_method=sudo
#become_user=root
#become_ask_pass=False

[paramiko_connection]

# uncomment this line to cause the paramiko connection plugin to not record new host
# keys encountered.  Increases performance on new host additions.  Setting works independently of the
# host key checking setting above.
#record_host_keys=False

# by default, Ansible requests a pseudo-terminal for commands executed under sudo. Uncomment this
# line to disable this behaviour.
#pty=False

[ssh_connection]

# ssh arguments to use
# Leaving off ControlPersist will result in poor performance, so use 
# paramiko on older platforms rather than removing it
#ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s

# The path to use for the ControlPath sockets. This defaults to
# "%(directory)s/ansible-ssh-%%h-%%p-%%r", however on some systems with
# very long hostnames or very long path names (caused by long user names or 
# deeply nested home directories) this can exceed the character limit on
# file socket names (108 characters for most platforms). In that case, you 
# may wish to shorten the string below.
# 
# Example: 
# control_path = %(directory)s/%%h-%%r
#control_path = %(directory)s/ansible-ssh-%%h-%%p-%%r

# Enabling pipelining reduces the number of SSH operations required to 
# execute a module on the remote server. This can result in a significant 
# performance improvement when enabled, however when using "sudo:" you must 
# first disable 'requiretty' in /etc/sudoers
#
# By default, this option is disabled to preserve compatibility with
# sudoers configurations that have requiretty (the default on many distros).
# 
#pipelining = False

# if True, make ansible use scp if the connection type is ssh 
# (default is sftp)
#scp_if_ssh = True

# if False, sftp will not use batch mode to transfer files. This may cause some
# types of file transfer failures impossible to catch however, and should
# only be disabled if your sftp version has problems with batch mode
#sftp_batch_mode = False

[accelerate]
accelerate_port = 5099
accelerate_timeout = 30
accelerate_connect_timeout = 5.0

# The daemon timeout is measured in minutes. This time is measured
# from the last activity to the accelerate daemon.
accelerate_daemon_timeout = 30 

# If set to yes, accelerate_multi_key will allow multiple
# private keys to be uploaded to it, though each user must
# have access to the system via SSH to add a new key. The default
# is "no".
#accelerate_multi_key = yes

[selinux]
# file systems that require special treatment when dealing with security context
# the default behaviour that copies the existing context or uses the user default
# needs to be changed to use the file system dependent context.
#special_context_filesystems=nfs,vboxsf,fuse,ramfs

二 开始你的表演

2.1 ansible的第一条命令

ansible test -m ping

root@ansible-master:/etc/ansible# ansible      test        -m               ping
                                             组名或者ip  使用模块的参数        模块命令
192.168.0.108 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
} 

界面显示返回值颜色为绿色则证明ping通。

2.2 可能遇到的报错

2.2.1 问题一

root@ansible-master:/etc/ansible# ansible test -m ping         
192.168.0.108 | FAILED! => {
    "changed": false, 
    "failed": true, 
    "module_stderr": "", 
    "module_stdout": "bash: /usr/bin/python: No such file or directory
", 
    "msg": "MODULE FAILURE", 
    "parsed": false
}

上面的报错是有提示的

"bash: /usr/bin/python: No such file or directory
"

所以在slave端装上pytho就ok了

2.2.2 问题二

如果slave节点上开启了SElinux,你需要安装libselinux-python,这样才可使用Ansible中与copy/file/template相关的函数.你可以通过Ansible的yum模块在需要的托管节点上安装libselinux-python

在返回值中也会有相对应的提示

2.2.3 问题三

/bin/sh: 1: /usr/bin/python: not found

这个问题出现在ubuntu16.04上，因为ubuntu16.04默认的是python3，而ansible需要的是python2

解决办法：

在客户端 apt安装 python-simplejson

大多数问题都会在返回值中提示，so 认真一点，耐心一点，都不是问题

三 ansible的命令参数

[root@ansiblemaster ansible]# ansible --help
Usage: ansible <host-pattern> [options]

Options:
  -a MODULE_ARGS, --args=MODULE_ARGS  #（指定模块参数）
                        module arguments
  --ask-vault-pass      ask for vault password
  -B SECONDS, --background=SECONDS   #（在后台运行命令，在制定NUM秒后kill该任务）
                        run asynchronously, failing after X seconds
                        (default=N/A)
  -C, --check           don't make any changes; instead, try to predict some
                        of the changes that may occur  #（只是测试一下会改变什么内容，不会真正去执行）
  -D, --diff            when changing (small) files and templates, show the
                        differences in those files; works great with --check
  -e EXTRA_VARS, --extra-vars=EXTRA_VARS
                        set additional variables as key=value or YAML/JSON
  -f FORKS, --forks=FORKS
                        specify number of parallel processes to use
                        (default=5)
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit #（帮助信息）
  -i INVENTORY, --inventory-file=INVENTORY #（指定hosts文件路径，默认default=/etc/ansible/hosts）
                        specify inventory host path
                        (default=/etc/ansible/hosts) or comma separated host
                        list.
  -l SUBSET, --limit=SUBSET
                        further limit selected hosts to an additional pattern
  --list-hosts          outputs a list of matching hosts; does not execute
                        anything else
  -m MODULE_NAME, --module-name=MODULE_NAME #（指定模块）
                        module name to execute (default=command)
  -M MODULE_PATH, --module-path=MODULE_PATH #（要执行的模块路径，默认为/usr/share/ansible）
                        specify path(s) to module library (default=None)
  --new-vault-password-file=NEW_VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE
                        new vault password file for rekey
  -o, --one-line        condense output　　　#（一个主机的执行结果在一行显示）
  --output=OUTPUT_FILE  output file name for encrypt or decrypt; use - for
                        stdout
  -P POLL_INTERVAL, --poll=POLL_INTERVAL
                        set the poll interval if using -B (default=15)
  --syntax-check        perform a syntax check on the playbook, but do not
                        execute it
  -t TREE, --tree=TREE  log output to this directory #（日志输出到该目录，日志文件名以主机名命名）
  --vault-password-file=VAULT_PASSWORD_FILE
                        vault password file
  -v, --verbose         verbose mode (-vvv for more, -vvvv to enable
                        connection debugging)
  --version             show program's version number and exit

  Connection Options:
    control as whom and how to connect to hosts

    -k, --ask-pass      ask for connection password #（输入ssh密码,而不是使用秘钥）
    --private-key=PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, --key-file=PRIVATE_KEY_FILE
                        use this file to authenticate the connection
    -u REMOTE_USER, --user=REMOTE_USER #（指定远程机器的用户）
                        connect as this user (default=None)
    -c CONNECTION, --connection=CONNECTION #（指定建立连接的类型，一般有ssh，localhost FILES）
                        connection type to use (default=smart)
    -T TIMEOUT, --timeout=TIMEOUT  #（超时时间）
                        override the connection timeout in seconds
                        (default=10)
    --ssh-common-args=SSH_COMMON_ARGS
                        specify common arguments to pass to sftp/scp/ssh (e.g.
                        ProxyCommand)
    --sftp-extra-args=SFTP_EXTRA_ARGS
                        specify extra arguments to pass to sftp only (e.g. -f,
                        -l)
    --scp-extra-args=SCP_EXTRA_ARGS
                        specify extra arguments to pass to scp only (e.g. -l)
    --ssh-extra-args=SSH_EXTRA_ARGS
                        specify extra arguments to pass to ssh only (e.g. -R)

  Privilege Escalation Options:
    control how and which user you become as on target hosts

    -s, --sudo          run operations with sudo (nopasswd) (deprecated, use
                        become)
    -U SUDO_USER, --sudo-user=SUDO_USER
                        desired sudo user (default=root) (deprecated, use
                        become)
    -S, --su            run operations with su (deprecated, use become)
    -R SU_USER, --su-user=SU_USER
                        run operations with su as this user (default=root)
                        (deprecated, use become)
    -b, --become        run operations with become (does not imply password
                        prompting)
    --become-method=BECOME_METHOD
                        privilege escalation method to use (default=sudo),
                        valid choices: [ sudo | su | pbrun | pfexec | runas |
                        doas | dzdo ]
    --become-user=BECOME_USER
                        run operations as this user (default=root)
    --ask-sudo-pass     ask for sudo password (deprecated, use become)
    --ask-su-pass       ask for su password (deprecated, use become)
    -K, --ask-become-pass                          #（提示输入sudo密码，与sudo一起使用）
                        ask for privilege escalation password