例子文件1:https://files.cnblogs.com/files/Vera-y/myemployees.zip
子查询:又称内查询,出现在其他语句中的select语句
主查询:又称外查询,内部嵌套其他select语句的查询
分类:
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量(单行)子查询:结果集只有一行一列
列(多行)子查询:结果集只有一列多行
行子查询:结果集有一行多列
表子查询:结果集一般为多行多列(也可包含一行多列等)
按子查询出现的位置:
select 后面:仅仅支持标量子查询
from 后面:支持表子查询
♦ where或having后面:支持标量子查询、列子查询、(也可行子查询(使用较少))
exists后面(又称相关子查询):表子查询
一、放在where或having后面
特点:1)子查询语句放在小括号内
2)子查询语句一般放在条件的右侧
3)标量子查询,一般配合这单行操作符使用(> < >= <= = <>)
列子查询,一般搭配多行操作符使用(IN / NOT IN 、ANY / SOME 、ALL)
4)子查询的执行优先于主查询的执行
非法使用标量子查询:
1)子查询结果集不为一行一列
2)子查询结果集为空
1.标量子查询
例1.谁的工资比Abel高?
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel'
);
例2.返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143员工多的员工 姓名,job_id和工资
SELECT salary,last_name,job_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id='143'
)AND job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id='141'
);
例3.查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
2.列子查询(单列多行子查询)
例1.返回location_id 是1400或1700的部门中所有员工姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN( # 这里的 IN 可以替换外 =ANY
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
例2.返回其它工种中比job_id为 IT_PROG工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id、salary
SELECT employee_id, last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary # 去重
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
# 或
SELECT employee_id, last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
例3.返回其它工种中比job_id为 IT_PROG工种所有工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id、salary
SELECT employee_id, last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary # 去重
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT employee_id, last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN(salary) # 去重
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
3.行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
1)普通解法
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id =(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
2)行子查询解法
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
二、放在select后面
例1.查询每个部门的员工个数 # 部门表 、员工表
SELECT departments.*, (
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id
) AS 个数
FROM departments;
例2.查询员工号=102的部门名 # 可直接用连接查询、标量查询等
SELECT ( # 只能是一行一列(标量子查询)
SELECT department_name
FROM departments
INNER JOIN employees
ON departments.department_id=employees.department_id
WHERE employees.employee_id=102
) AS 部门名;
三、放在from后面
例、查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
SELECT ag_dep.*,grade_level
FROM(
SELECT AVG(salary) AS ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) AS ag_dep # 子查询结果为一张表,注意一定要起别名
INNER JOIN job_grades
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
四、放在exists后面(相关子查询)
语法:select.. exists(完整的子查询语句)
判断子查询的结果有没有值,若有值则返回布尔值1,没有则返回布尔值0
注:exists是先执行外查询,再进行子查询的过滤
例1.查询有员工的部门名
用exists进行相关查询
SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE departments.department_id=employees.department_id
);
用IN 进行查询
SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE departments.department_id IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);