mySQL进阶
二进制格式mysql安装
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@localhost]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
//创建用户和组
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
[root@localhost ~]# id mysql
uid=994(mysql) gid=991(mysql) groups=991(mysql)
[root@localhost ~]# grep mysql /etc/group
mysql:x:991:
//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /usr/local/
bin games lib libexec sbin src
etc include lib64 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 share
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ /usr/local/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 47 Dec 28 23:26 /usr/local/mysql -> /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 47 Dec 28 23:22 musql -> /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 7161 31415 172 Dec 28 23:23 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Dec 15 18:53 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 src
//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql*
[root@localhost ~]# ll /usr/local/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 47 Dec 28 23:32 mysql -> /usr/local/mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 172 Dec 28 23:23 mysql-5.7.31-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 49 Dec 15 18:53 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 12 2018 src
//添加环境变量
[root@localhost ~]# which mysql
/usr/bin/which: no mysql in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin)
[root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
//创建include的软连接
[root@localhost mysql]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/include/mysql
//修改man [MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man]
[root@localhost mysql]# vi /etc/man_db.conf
......
# every automatically generated MANPATH includes these fields
#
#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
#
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man
#---------------------------------------------------------
//写lib的配置文件
[root@localhost mysql]# vi /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
/usr/local/mysql/lib
[root@localhost mysql]# ldconfig //重新读取配置
//建立数据存放目录
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data
[root@localhost ~]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 Dec 29 00:35 data
//初始化数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data
2020-12-28T16:39:26.210398Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2020-12-28T16:39:26.419059Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2020-12-28T16:39:26.444990Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2020-12-28T16:39:26.500209Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 3fa305fa-492b-11eb-99c1-000c290c238a.
2020-12-28T16:39:26.500647Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2020-12-28T16:39:27.097009Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2020-12-28T16:39:27.236141Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 9K.ypG_jwraT[临时密码，需要保存]
//请注意，这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是9K.ypG_jwraT
//再次注意，这个密码是随机的，你的不会跟我一样，一定要记住这个密码，因为一会登录时会用到
//生成配置文件
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/my/cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
//配置服务启动脚本
[root@localhost mysql]# ls
bin docs include lib LICENSE man README share support-files
[root@localhost mysql]# cd support-files/
[root@localhost support-files]# ls
magic mysqld_multi.server mysql-log-rotate mysql.server
[root@localhost support-files]# file mysql.server
mysql.server: POSIX shell script, ASCII text executable
[root@localhost support-files]# cp mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost support-files]# cd
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/init.d/mysqld
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10576 Dec 29 00:59 /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/opt/dat
//启动mysql
[root@localhost ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/localhost.localdomain.err'.
SUCCESS!
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306
//修改密码
//使用临时密码登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p '9K.ypG_jwraT'
mysql: error while loading shared libraries: libncurses.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
//登录报错，需要安装libncurses.so.5
//查找libncurses.so.5
[root@localhost ~]# yum whatprovides libncurses.so.5
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:23:02 ago on Tue 29 Dec 2020 01:11:38 AM CST.
ncurses-compat-libs-6.1-7.20180224.el8.i686 : Ncurses compatibility libraries
Repo : base
Matched from:
Provide : libncurses.so.5
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs
//使用临时密码登录
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'9K.ypG_jwraT'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.31
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
//修改新密码
mysql> set password=password('123456')
-> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'123456'
mysql配置文件
mysql的配置文件为/etc/my.cnf
配置文件查找次序：若在多个配置文件中均有设定，则最后找到的最终生效
/etc/my.cnf --> /etc/mysql/my.cnf --> --default-extra-file=/PATH/TO/CONF_FILE --> ~/.my.cnf
mysql常用配置文件参数：
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| port = 3306 | 设置监听端口 |
| socket = /tmp/mysql.sock | 指定套接字文件位置 |
| basedir = /usr/local/mysql | 指定MySQL的安装路径 |
| datadir = /data/mysql | 指定MySQL的数据存放路径 |
| pid-file = /data/mysql/mysql.pid | 指定进程ID文件存放路径 |
| user = mysql | 指定MySQL以什么用户的身份提供服务 |
| skip-name-resolve | 禁止MySQL对外部连接进行DNS解析 使用这一选项可以消除MySQL进行DNS解析的时间。 若开启该选项，则所有远程主机连接授权都要使用IP地址方 式否则MySQL将无法正常处理连接请求 |
mysql数据库备份与恢复
数据库常用备份方案
数据库备份方案：
- 全量备份
- 增量备份
- 差异备份
| 备份方案 | 特点 |
|---|---|
| 全量备份 | 全量备份就是指对某一个时间点上的所有数据或应用进行的一个完全拷贝。 数据恢复快。 备份时间长 |
| 增量备份 | 增量备份是指在一次全备份或上一次增量备份后，以后每次的备份只需备份与前一次相比增加和者被修改的文件。这就意味着，第一次增量备份的对象是进行全备后所产生的增加和修改的文件；第二次增量备份的对象是进行第一次增量备份后所产生的增加和修改的文件，如此类推。 没有重复的备份数据 备份时间短 恢复数据时必须按一定的顺序进行 |
| 差异备份 | 备份上一次的完全备份后发生变化的所有文件。 差异备份是指在一次全备份后到进行差异备份的这段时间内 对那些增加或者修改文件的备份。在进行恢复时，我们只需对第一次全量备份和最后一次差异备份进行恢复 |
mysql备份工具mysqldump
//语法：
mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables ...]
mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]
mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
//常用的OPTIONS：
-uUSERNAME //指定数据库用户名
-hHOST //指定服务器主机，请使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定数据库用户的密码
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
//备份整个数据库(全备)
//创建一个新的表
mysql> select * from student
-> ;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | papa | 20 |
| 2 | nana | 22 |
| 3 | lala | 24 |
+----+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)