阅读目录
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214622832-285818066.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214638985-1751036398.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214648120-1809313058.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214658088-211870226.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214709811-617384496.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214721812-2093917150.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214733872-354973570.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214742984-550083287.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214755427-1509574590.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214804856-266702862.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214814563-1938919015.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214823719-359606072.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214832147-2037104101.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214841396-1204739432.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214855640-1751318858.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214908265-1672574443.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214918611-488392544.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214928207-1436428709.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214938646-154908440.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214948676-474108946.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130214956679-944833366.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215007674-1256975087.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215015807-1810054468.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215025426-902452923.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215035305-1917278796.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215043644-998441003.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215051629-1417242947.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215059193-804751890.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130215117759-67129710.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235755677-1935751360.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235804631-1872653650.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235813374-922281104.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235824260-1996128302.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235833302-503819602.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235842436-1237839390.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235851372-1052340337.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235901461-1598021104.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235910893-1778536909.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190130235919534-1033088303.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012457652-633561906.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012510162-700712565.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012522372-100988559.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012531522-684363112.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012546917-142519128.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012559382-1501223925.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012614292-434100380.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012624062-1613700351.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012634702-2085959696.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012644242-1421759614.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012652422-1386116682.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012701107-798089700.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012816408-32794835.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012827252-660401744.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012837612-520879970.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012847177-994148176.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012856762-1539265567.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012905443-1462085299.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012914927-1720981455.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012924852-310222820.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012937952-589791343.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131012949187-802057489.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013001372-1644508471.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013009687-618957806.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013018867-1077200008.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013027927-432037704.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013035482-524353201.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013044047-836734736.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013052477-926585685.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013106738-162761390.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013123357-1603154449.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013132127-687988246.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013140092-72890992.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013151992-1948114048.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013200069-1352651192.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013209378-2143273660.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013217832-431043305.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013226132-629674861.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013235984-39824587.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013247020-253213355.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013256969-1955748192.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013306147-29367586.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013317007-1638391604.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013325663-896918419.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013333408-2109396322.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013342529-1407061409.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013354088-1892150850.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013404935-2114340675.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131013414354-1786930787.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020035095-1714707998.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020046495-2061757073.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020105945-1935988119.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020114980-327496327.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020139885-2059398232.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020149655-2058726834.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020159195-2112088533.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020208640-2070787075.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020217325-193426945.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020225525-1692985191.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020233735-1602791865.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020250585-1159519054.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020259930-424917355.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020308485-1491855418.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020318654-1588220791.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020327607-1030541428.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020352830-1022666471.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201901/1560722-20190131020402460-28051387.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195511672-1168598792.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195526303-292390958.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195543057-1472001114.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195636472-1845108161.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195647297-1863605186.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195701177-1842886463.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195712437-1888364396.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195725022-1984261003.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195743093-89068519.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195759572-567506656.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195816787-1263460085.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195828577-1581215477.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195842637-708270180.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195858912-77617599.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195919517-51919883.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195934907-1739497128.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225195950107-731255896.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200002717-1461412853.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200014602-1850649384.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200029728-869925232.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200056387-1427027141.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200121266-1092574214.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200150517-939620104.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200223202-6552721.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200243092-1660427364.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200256432-1340834227.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200308322-1420611545.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200316722-1209200439.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200328142-1688693243.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200346287-1226025254.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200357632-639518328.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200407602-1051909140.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200419738-1867684709.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200434222-304089775.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200444677-1469045629.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200455802-1704140211.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200503537-1488186835.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200518938-2007186183.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200534657-1456637982.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200546042-690759125.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200600517-1762889138.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200609867-582014651.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200621202-2043114809.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200632602-1008652157.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200641327-836294694.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200650187-1541006167.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200703777-870539617.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200715651-221624887.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200727172-245138272.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200740687-1702651284.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225200752877-2068677915.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211409286-1325429671.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211447367-800563710.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211457872-1637535543.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211507112-1903516807.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211517697-627022092.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211527002-568307685.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211539857-501192677.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211548922-241212665.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211602093-2117548824.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211613457-385385230.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211623587-2090420022.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211633988-451903696.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211703902-1000255252.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211713783-1241728693.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211724112-987923967.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211733672-1898685804.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211744279-1368245136.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211754257-1640979204.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211804302-1149327639.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211814032-225119306.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211827047-43180503.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211835967-1093017788.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211845962-897196590.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211908598-1743190998.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190225211918597-849661632.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125510586-548025568.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125524124-1369077495.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125533365-909808578.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125543489-625098712.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125555235-1743000703.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125605436-110804701.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125615706-802159864.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125626107-745045467.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125636960-1238496444.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125649239-2027595363.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125701483-588158373.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125712594-1713333923.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125723329-5602946.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125734709-73198899.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226125747004-1966730162.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162807733-118667212.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162817428-720534109.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162827978-599815370.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162840358-2084940242.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162850918-503177392.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162904109-478255997.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162913013-1132814860.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162924828-2014901654.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162934693-1435207646.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162943104-383794670.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226162951713-1843149563.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163001323-1040311588.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163011223-1864433884.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163019653-234010791.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163027664-1030310065.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163037438-999349986.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163048478-1486812595.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163057068-2142291107.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163106094-1475642368.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163114634-1625785010.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163126164-1925329077.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163135623-894137879.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163144624-671453834.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163153334-1766492336.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163204894-2096026984.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163219134-911023448.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163231843-1413292658.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163241284-1162429024.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163253593-1889622054.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163302978-1505650039.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163313393-1549981814.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163322753-1147918184.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163331956-407713116.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163341414-259740438.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163352043-508850074.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163402273-925572852.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163411184-72760181.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163420273-14954252.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163429283-1735962989.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163438313-1350614611.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163447658-1438975032.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163456788-78587596.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163506434-1157520044.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163515009-150423404.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163524078-1042192625.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163532663-740747102.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163541993-1640885393.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163551498-1674984536.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163600688-343991986.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163610628-292540554.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163621018-1523394188.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163630883-994540083.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163640264-1717816017.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163649618-2000067970.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163658544-789173101.png)
![](https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1560722/201902/1560722-20190226163707013-1511981525.png)
一 文件操作
一 介绍
计算机系统分为:计算机硬件,操作系统,应用程序三部分。
我们用python或其他语言编写的应用程序若想要把数据永久保存下来,必须要保存于硬盘中,这就涉及到应用程序要操作硬件,众所周知,应用程序是无法直接操作硬件的,这就用到了操作系统。操作系统把复杂的硬件操作封装成简单的接口给用户/应用程序使用,其中文件就是操作系统提供给应用程序来操作硬盘虚拟概念,用户或应用程序通过操作文件,可以将自己的数据永久保存下来。
有了文件的概念,我们无需再去考虑操作硬盘的细节,只需要关注操作文件的流程:
#1. 打开文件,得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量 #2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作 #3. 关闭文件
二 在python中
#1. 打开文件,得到文件句柄并赋值给一个变量 f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8') #默认打开模式就为r #2. 通过句柄对文件进行操作 data=f.read() #3. 关闭文件 f.close()
三 f=open('a.txt','r')的过程分析
#1、由应用程序向操作系统发起系统调用open(...) #2、操作系统打开该文件,并返回一个文件句柄给应用程序 #3、应用程序将文件句柄赋值给变量f
四 强调!!!
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#强调第一点: 打开一个文件包含两部分资源:操作系统级打开的文件+应用程序的变量。在操作完毕一个文件时,必须把与该文件的这两部分资源一个不落地回收,回收方法为: 1、f.close() #回收操作系统级打开的文件 2、del f #回收应用程序级的变量 其中del f一定要发生在f.close()之后,否则就会导致操作系统打开的文件还没有关闭,白白占用资源, 而python自动的垃圾回收机制决定了我们无需考虑del f,这就要求我们,在操作完毕文件后,一定要记住f.close() 虽然我这么说,但是很多同学还是会很不要脸地忘记f.close(),对于这些不长脑子的同学,我们推荐傻瓜式操作方式:使用with关键字来帮我们管理上下文 with open('a.txt','w') as f: pass with open('a.txt','r') as read_f,open('b.txt','w') as write_f: data=read_f.read() write_f.write(data)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#强调第二点: f=open(...)是由操作系统打开文件,那么如果我们没有为open指定编码,那么打开文件的默认编码很明显是操作系统说了算了,操作系统会用自己的默认编码去打开文件,在windows下是gbk,在linux下是utf-8。 这就用到了上节课讲的字符编码的知识:若要保证不乱码,文件以什么方式存的,就要以什么方式打开。 f=open('a.txt','r',encoding='utf-8')
五 python2中的file与open
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
#首先在python3中操作文件只有一种选择,那就是open() #而在python2中则有两种方式:file()与open() 两者都能够打开文件,对文件进行操作,也具有相似的用法和参数,但是,这两种文件打开方式有本质的区别,file为文件类,用file()来打开文件,相当于这是在构造文件类,而用open()打开文件,是用python的内建函数来操作,我们一般使用open()打开文件进行操作,而用file当做一个类型,比如type(f) is file
二 打开文件的模式
文件句柄 = open('文件路径', '模式')
模式可以是以下方式以及他们之间的组合:
Character | Meaning |
‘r' | open for reading (default) |
‘w' | open for writing, truncating the file first |
‘a' | open for writing, appending to the end of the file if it exists |
‘b' | binary mode |
‘t' | text mode (default) |
‘+' | open a disk file for updating (reading and writing) |
‘U' | universal newline mode (for backwards compatibility; should not be used in new code) |
#1. 打开文件的模式有(默认为文本模式): r ,只读模式【默认模式,文件必须存在,不存在则抛出异常】 w,只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则清空内容】 a, 之追加写模式【不可读;不存在则创建;存在则只追加内容】 #2. 对于非文本文件,我们只能使用b模式,"b"表示以字节的方式操作(而所有文件也都是以字节的形式存储的,使用这种模式无需考虑文本文件的字符编码、图片文件的jgp格式、视频文件的avi格式) rb wb ab 注:以b方式打开时,读取到的内容是字节类型,写入时也需要提供字节类型,不能指定编码 #3. 了解部分 "+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件 r+, 读写【可读,可写】 w+,写读【可读,可写】 a+, 写读【可读,可写】 x, 只写模式【不可读;不存在则创建,存在则报错】 x+ ,写读【可读,可写】 xb
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
# 回车与换行的来龙去脉 http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/8477592.html # U模式 'U' mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions of Python. It has no effect in Python 3. Use newline to control universal newlines mode. # 总结: 在python3中使用默认的newline=None即可,换行符无论何种平台统一用 即可
三 操作文件的方法
#掌握 f.read() #读取所有内容,光标移动到文件末尾 f.readline() #读取一行内容,光标移动到第二行首部 f.readlines() #读取每一行内容,存放于列表中 f.write('1111 222 ') #针对文本模式的写,需要自己写换行符 f.write('1111 222 '.encode('utf-8')) #针对b模式的写,需要自己写换行符 f.writelines(['333 ','444 ']) #文件模式 f.writelines([bytes('333 ',encoding='utf-8'),'444 '.encode('utf-8')]) #b模式 #了解 f.readable() #文件是否可读 f.writable() #文件是否可读 f.closed #文件是否关闭 f.encoding #如果文件打开模式为b,则没有该属性 f.flush() #立刻将文件内容从内存刷到硬盘 f.name
练习,利用b模式,编写一个cp工具,要求如下:
1. 既可以拷贝文本又可以拷贝视频,图片等文件
2. 用户一旦参数错误,打印命令的正确使用方法,如usage: cp source_file target_file
提示:可以用import sys,然后用sys.argv获取脚本后面跟的参数
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
import sys if len(sys.argv) != 3: print('usage: cp source_file target_file') sys.exit() source_file,target_file=sys.argv[1],sys.argv[2] with open(source_file,'rb') as read_f,open(target_file,'wb') as write_f: for line in read_f: write_f.write(line)
四 文件内光标移动
一: read(3):
1. 文件打开方式为文本模式时,代表读取3个字符
2. 文件打开方式为b模式时,代表读取3个字节
二: 其余的文件内光标移动都是以字节为单位如seek,tell,truncate
注意:
1. seek有三种移动方式0,1,2,其中1和2必须在b模式下进行,但无论哪种模式,都是以bytes为单位移动的
2. truncate是截断文件,所以文件的打开方式必须可写,但是不能用w或w+等方式打开,因为那样直接清空文件了,所以truncate要在r+或a或a+等模式下测试效果
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
import time with open('test.txt','rb') as f: f.seek(0,2) while True: line=f.readline() if line: print(line.decode('utf-8')) else: time.sleep(0.2)
五 文件的修改
文件的数据是存放于硬盘上的,因而只存在覆盖、不存在修改这么一说,我们平时看到的修改文件,都是模拟出来的效果,具体的说有两种实现方式:
方式一:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容全部加载到内存,在内存中是可以修改的,修改完毕后,再由内存覆盖到硬盘(word,vim,nodpad++等编辑器)
import os with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f: data=read_f.read() #全部读入内存,如果文件很大,会很卡 data=data.replace('alex','SB') #在内存中完成修改 write_f.write(data) #一次性写入新文件 os.remove('a.txt') os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt')
方式二:将硬盘存放的该文件的内容一行一行地读入内存,修改完毕就写入新文件,最后用新文件覆盖源文件
import os with open('a.txt') as read_f,open('.a.txt.swap','w') as write_f: for line in read_f: line=line.replace('alex','SB') write_f.write(line) os.remove('a.txt') os.rename('.a.txt.swap','a.txt')
练习题:
1. 文件a.txt内容:每一行内容分别为商品名字,价钱,个数,求出本次购物花费的总钱数 apple 10 3 tesla 100000 1 mac 3000 2 lenovo 30000 3 chicken 10 3 2. 修改文件内容,把文件中的alex都替换成SB