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  • selenium-页面操作

    1 web

    1.1 简单介绍

    Web应用程序的测试工具很多种,关于web前端技术如HTML,JS,CSS等的基础知识本文不作介绍,本节只介绍selenium工具在web应用程序自动化测试中的简单应用。

    1.1.1 准备工作

    [1].          安装pip

    说明:见3 环境搭建

    [2].          安装selenium

    说明:pip install selenium

    [3].           安装chrome.exe浏览器

    说明:推荐版本 63.0.3239.84(正式版本)(32 位)

    [4].          准备chromedriver2.33.exe

    说明:存放在resource oolschromedriver2.33.exe,程序使用,不需要手动特别安装。

    1.2 快速入门

     1 from selenium import webdriver
     2 from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select
     3 
     4 def refresh(brower, trytimes=10):
     5     """
     6     Sometimes, the element actually exits and the way we locate is right,
     7     but there still raises exception like "cannot locate element"; the root
     8     cause not found; this function is a temperoary way to fix it.
     9     """
    10     try:
    11         all_div = brower.find_elements_by_tag_name("div")
    12         all_td = brower.find_elements_by_tag_name("td")
    13         for div in all_div:
    14             logging.debug(div.get_attribute("id"))
    15         for td in all_td:
    16             logging.debug(td.get_attribute("id"))
    17     except Exception as e:
    18         logging.debug(e)
    19         if (trytimes > 0):
    20             refresh(trytimes - 1)
    21         else:
    22             raise ValueError
    23 
    24 #打开chrome浏览器,并带着http://admin:90123456@192.168.1.1请求加载web页面
    25 #reates a new instance of the chrome driver.
    26 b = webdriver.Chrome(r"D:auto testTogether_v0.2
    esource	oolschromedriver2.33.exe")
    27 #Loads a web page in the current browser session.
    28 b.get("http://admin:90123456@192.168.1.1")
    29 b.get("http://192.168.1.1") # sugget one more try.
    30 
    31 #Switches focus to the specified frame, by index, name, or webelement.
    32 b.switch_to.frame("fInfo")
    33 
    34 #依次点击Features -> ACL, 转到ACL控制页面
    35 #Finds an element by xpath. && Clicks the element.
    36 b.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id="menu"]/ul/li[3]").click() #click Features
    37 b.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id="menu"]/ul/li[3]/ul/li[3]/a").click() #click Features -> ACL
    38 
    39 # suggest wait seconds after enter another page.
    40 import time
    41 time.sleep(7)
    42 
    43 # temporary way to fix exception "cannot locate element".
    44 refresh(b)
    45 
    46 #设置ACL Rule Index旁边的下拉框为可见,只有可见之后,才能用Select库的相关选择函数。
    47 #Synchronously Executes JavaScript in the current window/frame.
    48 b.execute_script('document.getElementById("RuleIndexSEL").style.display="block";')  #Features >> ACL , set select "ACL Rule Index" can be seen.
    49 #选择ACL Rule Index旁边的下拉框为3
    50 # for SELECT tag, select an option <option value="2">3</option>
    51 Select(b.find_element_by_id("RuleIndexSEL")).select_by_value('2') #Features >> ACL ,  select option 3 in select "ACL Rule Index"
    52 
    53 #点击Active旁边的按钮,设置为enable
    54 #Finds an element by id. && Clicks the element.
    55 b.find_element_by_id("RuleActiveRDO").click() #Features >> ACL , click "Active" to enable
    56 
    57 #设置Interface旁边的下拉框为可见
    58 b.execute_script('document.getElementById("InterfaceSEL").style.display="block";') #Features >> ACL ,set select "Interface" can be seen.
    59 #选择Interface旁边的下拉框的选项为LAN
    60 # for SELECT tag, select an option <option value="LAN">LAN</option>
    61 Select(b.find_element_by_id("InterfaceSEL")).select_by_value("LAN") #Features >> ACL , elect option LAN in select "Interface"
    62 
    63 #点击SET按钮,保存页面的配置。
    64 b.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id="rightFunc"]/li[4]/div[1]").click() #Features >> ACL , click "SET" button to save settings.
    65 
    66 #关闭页面
    67 b.close()

    1.3 代码解释

    1.3.1 初始化

    需要先导入相关类库,导入方法如下:

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

     
    实例化一个类WebDriver类,实例方法如下,参数是chromedriver的路径:

    e.g: browser = webdriver.Chrome("resource oolschromedriver2.33.exe")

    该函数参数详细介绍:

        webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="chromedriver", port=0,

                     chrome_options=None, service_args=None,

                     desired_capabilities=None, service_log_path=None):

            """

            Creates a new instance of the chrome driver.

            Starts the service and then creates new instance of chrome driver.

            :Args:

             - executable_path - path to the executable. If the default is used it assumes the executable is in the $PATH

             - port - port you would like the service to run, if left as 0, a free port will be found.

             - desired_capabilities: Dictionary object with non-browser specific

               capabilities only, such as "proxy" or "loggingPref".

             - chrome_options: this takes an instance of ChromeOptions

            """

    1.3.2 加载页面

    打开浏览器并加载指定url时,使用get(url函数

    e.g: brower.get("http://loginName@loginPasword@192.168.1.1")
    e.g: brower.get("http://192.168.1.1")

    该函数参数详细介绍:

        browser.get(url):

            """

            Loads a web page in the current browser session.

            """

    1.3.3 元素定位

    定位元素的目的是为了改变或者获取元素的相关信息,在定位到指定元素之后,才可以对其执行点击鼠标、拖动鼠标等操作。元素定位的方法比较多也比较丰富,本节指出几个常用的定位方法。使用的例子依据的html源码如下图所示。关于selenium的元素定位的函数的详细介绍见 [附录A.2.1 find_elemet(s)_XXX]

     

    通过XPath定位获取text为”LAN”的td元素 (关于XPath的获取参见[附录B.1])

    element = browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id="main"]/table/tbody/tr/td[5]")
    elements = browser.find_elements_by_xpath("//*[@id="main"]/table/tbody/tr/td[5]")

    find_element_XXXX(…) 与 find_elements_XXX(…)函数的参数及意义是一样的。区别在于它们的返回值,前者是返回一个element,后者是返回一个element列表;

    通过id定位获取id值为RuleActiveRDO_ck的元素

    element=browser.find_element_by_id("RuleActiveRDO_ck")

    通过name定位获取name值为RuleActiveRDO_ck的元素

    element=browser.find_element_by_name("RuleActiveRDO_ck")

    通过tag_name定位获取td元素(tag_name指标签名称)

    element=browser.find_element_by_tag_name("td")

    通过class_name定位class值为mainTable的table元素

    element=browser.find_element_by_class_name("mainTable")

    1.3.4 元素信息

    获取element的属性值

    element = browser.find_element_by_id("InterfaceSEL")
    val = element.get_attribute("id")   # InterfaceSEL
    val = element.get_attribute("name") # InterfaceSEL
    val = element.get_attribute("sb") # 30512517
    val = element.get_attribute("style") # display: none;

     

    获取element的标签名称

    element = browser.find_element_by_id("InterfaceSEL")

    val = element.tag_name # select

    获取element的文本框

    element=browser.find_element_by_xpath("//*[@id="main"]/table/tbody/tr/td[5]")
    val = element.text # LAN

    查看元素对用户是否可见

    val = element.is_displayed() #True of False

    查看元素是否被选中,比如可检查checkbox或radio按钮是否被选中

    val = element.is_selected() #True of False

    获取浏览器当前url

    val = browser.current_url

    获取当前页面的源码

    val = browser.page_source

    1.3.5 动作事件

    获取到element元素后,可以对元素执行鼠标、键盘甚至执行script脚本等动作事件。本节介绍本人已知的并且经常用到的几个方法。

    (一) WebDriver

    在当前的window/frame中执行一段JaveScript脚本,比如下面这条语句是将id为InterfaceSEL的select元素由不可见变成可见:

    browser = webdriver.Chrome(r"resource oolschromedriver2.33.exe")

    browser.execute_script('document.getElementById("InterfaceSEL").style.display="block";'

    执行之前:

     

    执行之后

     

    如下语句效果是等同的。

    browser.execute_script(‘'document.getElementById("hid_password").value = "admin";’)

    browser.find_element_by_id("hid_password").send_keys("admin")

    浏览器的历史记录中,退回到上一个页面

    browser.back()

    浏览器的历史记录中,前进到下一个页面

    browser.forward()

    页面刷新,同按F5效果类似

    browser.refresh()

    关于frame;在html页面中,存在着用frame标签嵌套另一个html页面的情况,如下面的名为debug.html的页面的源代码如下,在debug.html中又嵌套了两个frame, 其中一个frame的name属性为”finfo”, 如果要控制name=”fInfo”中的元素如id=”test”的input, 需要先把控制焦点转到fInfo的frame上。

    转到特定frame:browser.switch_to.frame("fInfo")

    回到默认frame:brower.switch_to.default_content()

    debug.html

    <html>

    <frame name="fPanel" src="" scrolling="auto" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0">

             <html><head></head><body marginwidth="0" marginheight="0"></body></html>

    </frame>

    <frame name="fInfo" src="/cgi-bin/New_GUI/Home.asp">

             <html><input id="test"/></html>

    </frame>

    </html>

    (二) WebElement

    单击元素

    element = browser.find_element_by_id("RuleActiveRDO_ck")
    element.click()

    清除文本,通常用于情况文本输入框的内容。

    element = browser.find_element_by_name("fname")
    element.clear()

    在元素上模拟按键输入

    element = browser.find_element_by_name("lname")
    element.send_keys("auto test lname")

    (三)Select标签

    在对select标签运用selenium.webdriver.support.select之前,需要先使该标签对用户是可见的,设置方法见1.3.5 (一),在selenium.webdriver中关于select标签的操作由Select提供。

    导入:from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

    #选中WAN_Option
    Select(element).select_by_value("WAN")

    #选中LAN_Option
    Select(element).select_by_index(1)

    (四)ActionChains

    在selenium.webdriver中关于鼠标的操作由ActionChains提供。

     

    导入:from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

     

    常用的方法有

    move_to_element(to_element):鼠标悬停,有些菜单需要鼠标停在该位置处,才能出现下拉菜单。

    double_click(on_element=None):在指定元素或者当前位置处双击鼠标

    click(on_element=None): 在指定元素或者当前位置处单击鼠标

    context_click(on_element=None): 在指定元素或者当前位置处右击鼠标

    以上四个动作都需要调用perform()才会被执行。

    以下是几个使用例子:

    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

    browser = webdriver.Chrome(r"D:auto testTogether_v0.2 esource oolschromedriver2.33.exe")
    browser.get("file:///C:/Users/20002106/Desktop/temp/auto-test.html")

    #定位到提交按钮元素
    element = browser.find_element_by_xpath("/html/body/div[2]/form/input[3]")
    #将鼠标悬停在提交按钮
    ActionChains(browser).move_to_element(element).perform()
    #在提交按钮处双击
    ActionChains(browser).double_click(element).perform()
    #在提交按钮处单击
    ActionChains(browser).click(element).perform()
    #在提交按钮处右击鼠标
    ActionChains(browser).context_click(element).perform()

    1.3.6 断开连接

    需要关闭当前窗口并退出chrome浏览器时,可用quit()和close()中的任何一个函数。

    e.g browser.quit()
    e.g browser.close()

    函数参数详细介绍

     browser.close():

            """

            Closes the current window.

            :Usage:

                driver.close()

            """

    browser.quit():

            """

            Quits the driver and closes every associated window.

            :Usage:

                driver.quit()

            """

    1.4 Reference

    [1].          http://www.selenium.org

    A.2 webdriver

    A.2.1 find_element(s)_XXX

      1  def webdriver.find_element_by_id(id_):
      2 
      3         """Finds an element by id.
      4 
      5  
      6 
      7         :Args:
      8 
      9          - id\_ - The id of the element to be found.
     10 
     11  
     12 
     13         :Usage:
     14 
     15             driver.find_element_by_id('foo')
     16 
     17         """
     18 
     19         
     20 
     21     webdriver.find_elements_by_id(id_):
     22 
     23         """
     24 
     25         Finds multiple elements by id.
     26 
     27  
     28 
     29         :Args:
     30 
     31          - id\_ - The id of the elements to be found.
     32 
     33  
     34 
     35         :Usage:
     36 
     37             driver.find_elements_by_id('foo')
     38 
     39         """
     40 
     41         
     42 
     43     webdriver.find_element_by_xpath(xpath):
     44 
     45         """
     46 
     47         Finds an element by xpath.
     48 
     49  
     50 
     51         :Args:
     52 
     53          - xpath - The xpath locator of the element to find.
     54 
     55  
     56 
     57         :Usage:
     58 
     59             driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div/td[1]')
     60 
     61         """
     62 
     63         
     64 
     65     webdriver.find_elements_by_xpath(xpath):
     66 
     67         """
     68 
     69         Finds multiple elements by xpath.
     70 
     71  
     72 
     73         :Args:
     74 
     75          - xpath - The xpath locator of the elements to be found.
     76 
     77  
     78 
     79         :Usage:
     80 
     81             driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[contains(@class, 'foo')]")
     82 
     83         """
     84 
     85         
     86 
     87     webdriver.find_element_by_link_text(link_text):
     88 
     89         """
     90 
     91         Finds an element by link text.
     92 
     93  
     94 
     95         :Args:
     96 
     97          - link_text: The text of the element to be found.
     98 
     99  
    100 
    101         :Usage:
    102 
    103             driver.find_element_by_link_text('Sign In')
    104 
    105         """
    106 
    107         
    108 
    109     webdriver.find_elements_by_link_text(text):
    110 
    111         """
    112 
    113         Finds elements by link text.
    114 
    115  
    116 
    117         :Args:
    118 
    119          - link_text: The text of the elements to be found.
    120 
    121  
    122 
    123         :Usage:
    124 
    125             driver.find_elements_by_link_text('Sign In')
    126 
    127         """
    128 
    129         
    130 
    131     webdriver.find_element_by_partial_link_text(link_text):
    132 
    133         """
    134 
    135         Finds an element by a partial match of its link text.
    136 
    137  
    138 
    139         :Args:
    140 
    141          - link_text: The text of the element to partially match on.
    142 
    143  
    144 
    145         :Usage:
    146 
    147             driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
    148 
    149         """
    150 
    151         
    152 
    153     webdriver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text(link_text):
    154 
    155         """
    156 
    157         Finds elements by a partial match of their link text.
    158 
    159  
    160 
    161         :Args:
    162 
    163          - link_text: The text of the element to partial match on.
    164 
    165  
    166 
    167         :Usage:
    168 
    169             driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text('Sign')
    170 
    171         """
    172 
    173         
    174 
    175     webdriver.find_element_by_name(name):
    176 
    177         """
    178 
    179         Finds an element by name.
    180 
    181  
    182 
    183         :Args:
    184 
    185          - name: The name of the element to find.
    186 
    187  
    188 
    189         :Usage:
    190 
    191             driver.find_element_by_name('foo')
    192 
    193         """
    194 
    195         
    196 
    197     webdriver.find_elements_by_name(self, name):
    198 
    199         """
    200 
    201         Finds elements by name.
    202 
    203  
    204 
    205         :Args:
    206 
    207          - name: The name of the elements to find.
    208 
    209  
    210 
    211         :Usage:
    212 
    213             driver.find_elements_by_name('foo')
    214 
    215         """
    216 
    217         
    218 
    219     webdriver.find_element_by_tag_name(name):
    220 
    221         """
    222 
    223         Finds an element by tag name.
    224 
    225  
    226 
    227         :Args:
    228 
    229          - name: The tag name of the element to find.
    230 
    231  
    232 
    233         :Usage:
    234 
    235             driver.find_element_by_tag_name('foo')
    236 
    237         """
    238 
    239         
    240 
    241     webdriver.find_elements_by_tag_name(name):
    242 
    243         """
    244 
    245         Finds elements by tag name.
    246 
    247  
    248 
    249         :Args:
    250 
    251          - name: The tag name the use when finding elements.
    252 
    253  
    254 
    255         :Usage:
    256 
    257             driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('foo')
    258 
    259         """
    260 
    261         
    262 
    263     webdriver.find_element_by_class_name(name):
    264 
    265         """
    266 
    267         Finds an element by class name.
    268 
    269  
    270 
    271         :Args:
    272 
    273          - name: The class name of the element to find.
    274 
    275  
    276 
    277         :Usage:
    278 
    279             driver.find_element_by_class_name('foo')
    280 
    281         """
    282 
    283         
    284 
    285     webdriver.find_elements_by_class_name(name):
    286 
    287         """
    288 
    289         Finds elements by class name.
    290 
    291  
    292 
    293         :Args:
    294 
    295          - name: The class name of the elements to find.
    296 
    297  
    298 
    299         :Usage:
    300 
    301             driver.find_elements_by_class_name('foo')
    302 
    303         """
    304 
    305         
    306 
    307     webdriver.find_element_by_css_selector(css_selector):
    308 
    309         """
    310 
    311         Finds an element by css selector.
    312 
    313  
    314 
    315         :Args:
    316 
    317          - css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
    318 
    319  
    320 
    321         :Usage:
    322 
    323             driver.find_element_by_css_selector('#foo')
    324 
    325         """
    326 
    327         
    328 
    329     webdriver.find_elements_by_css_selector(css_selector):
    330 
    331         """
    332 
    333         Finds elements by css selector.
    334 
    335  
    336 
    337         :Args:
    338 
    339          - css_selector: The css selector to use when finding elements.
    340 
    341  
    342 
    343         :Usage:
    344 
    345             driver.find_elements_by_css_selector('.foo')
    346 
    347         """
    find_elements_XXX
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/aimmiao/p/12745591.html
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