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  • MySQL查询——select

    SELECT

      select的完整语法:

    select col1, col2,...          # 业务查询的字段
    from table_name            # 选取的哪张表
    [where single_conditions]           # single_conditions条件表达式,个体约束(条件)
    [[group by column_name1]      # column_name1以哪个字段名分组
    [having group_conditions]]     # group_conditionds条件表达式,分组约束
    [order by column_name2]      # column_name2以哪个字段进行排序
    [limit N,M]                         # 执行完之后,跳过N条记录,选取M条记录

      上述如果都有:执行顺序from->where->group by->having->order by->limit->select

      列的结果显示  

        1、去掉重复的数据:distinct(针对于记录而言,不是针对于列的数据而言)

    # 查看员工的职位
    select title
    from s_emp;
    
    select distinct title 
    from s_emp;
    
    # 每个部门下有哪些职位
    select dept_id,title 
    from s_emp;
    
    select distinct dept_id,title 
    from s_emp;# 联合唯一

        2、运算符:+、-、*、/、%(只列举一个)

    # 查看员工年薪
    select salary*12 
    from s_emp;
    select id,last_name,salary*12 as year_salary 
    from s_emp;
    
    # 查看员工当前年薪以及月薪提高100美元后的年薪
    select id,last_name,salary*12 old_year_salary,(salary+100)*12 as new_year_salary
    from s_emp;

        3、列与列的数据拼接:concat(column_name1, "拼接符", column_name2[, "拼接符"])

    # 查看员工基本信息(编号,全名,工资)
    select id,concat(first_name,' ',last_name) as name,salary 
    from s_emp;

        4、将null值转换为特定值:ifnull(column_name, 特定值)

    # 查看员工工资(没有工资的显示为0)
    select id,last_name,ifnull(salary,0.00) as salary 
    from s_emp;

      where conditions

        MySQL的运算符概念及作用:

        主要是根据conditions的条件查询结果集

        1、比较运算符:=、<、>、>=、<=、!=、<=>(同is null)、<>(同!=)

    # 查看拥有白领工资的员工有哪些(12002000select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp 
    where salary>1200 and salary<2000;
    
    # 查看有工资的员工信息
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp 
    where salary is not null;
    
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where salary <> null;# erro
    
    # 查看没有工资的员工的信息
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp 
    where salary is null;
    
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp 
    where salary <=> null;
    
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp 
    where salary != 1200;# null数据未取到

        2、逻辑运算符:and(&&)、or(||)、not

    查看41号部门的员工信息并且工资大于1200或者43号部门工资小于2000的员工信息
    select id,last_name,salary
    from s_emp
    where (dept_id=41 and salary>1200) or (dept_id=43 and salary<2000);

        3、在XXX区间:between ... and ...  不在XXX区间:not between ... and ...

    查看拥有白领工资的员工有哪些(12002000select id,last_name,salary from s_emp where salary>1200 and salary<2000;
    # 下面是闭区间
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where salary between 1199 and 2001;        #[1199,2001]
    
    # 不在区间内
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp 
    where salary not between 1200 and 2000;    #(-&1200or2000+&

        4、在集合中: in ()    不在集合中:not in ()

    # 查看41,42,43号部门的员工有哪些
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where dept_id=41 and dept_id=42 and dept_id=43;
    # 和上面的等价
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where dept_id in(41,42,43);
    
    # 查看不是41,42,43号部门的员工有哪些
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where dept_id!=41 and dept_id!=42 and dept_id!=43;
    # 和上面的等价
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where dept_id not in(41,42,43)

        6、模糊匹配:like :%:0到多个字符匹配;_:1个字符匹配;[ ]:范围内的匹配的单个字符;[^ ]:范围外的匹配的单个字符;   不模糊匹配: not

    # 查看职位以VP开头的员工有哪些
    select id,last_name,salary 
    from s_emp
    where title like 'VP%';
    
    select id,last_name,title 
    from s_emp
    where title not like 'VP%';
    
    # 查看员工信息,名字以C开头,并且字符数不小于5个字符
    select id,last_name
    from s_emp
    where last_name like 'C____%';
    #查看客户信息,客户名称中包含单引号的客户
    select id,name from s_cutomer
    where name like "%'%";

      group by column_name

        涉及的组函数:计数count()、最小值min()、最大值max()、平均值avg()、总和sum()

    # 查看员工总数
    select count(*) as count_num 
    from s_emp;   # 默认分组(以表格为单元)
    select count(id) as count_num 
    from s_emp;
    
    # 统计有工资的员工个数
    select count(salary) as count_num 
    from s_emp;
    # 查看每个部门的员工个数
    select dept_id,count(*) as nums 
    from s_emp
    group by dept_id;
    
    # 进行分组后,select的结果只能是组的概念,不允许出现个体概念(last_name)
    select dept_id,count(*) as nums,last_name 
    from s_emp
    group by dept_id;   # errro
    
    # 默认以逗号拼接 group_concat(),这个函数很重要
    select dept_id,count(*) as nums,group_concat(last_name) 
    from s_emp
    group by dept_id;
    
    # 查看每个部门薪资大于1200的员工总数(信息)
    select dept_id,count(*) nums,group_concat(last_name),group_concat(salary)
    from s_emp
    where salary > 1200
    group by dept_id;
    
    # 查看部门平均薪资
    select avg(salary) 
    from s_emp 
    group by dept_id;
    
    # 查看部门平均薪资>2000员工总数
    select dept_id,count(*) nums,avg(salary)
    from s_emp
    group by dept_id
    having avg(salary)>2000;
    
    # 查看每个部门员工总数,部门平均薪资大于1000,并且每个员工的薪资>900
    select dept_id,count(*),avg(salary)
    from s_emp
    where salary >900
    group by dept_id
    having avg(salary)>1000

        排序order by:升序ASC;逆序DESC

    # 查看员工的员工ID,名字,月薪,部门ID,部门ID进行升序排序,相同部门的员工在一起按照薪资从高到低排序
    
    select id,last_name,dept_id,salary
    from s_emp
    order by dept_id asc,salary desc;
    
    # 如果进行排序的时候,需要对字段先进行转码,后排序
    select id,last_name,dept_id,salary
    from s_emp
    order by conver(dept_id asc,salary using gbk2312) desc;

        限制记录数目:limit N,M  跳过N条记录,查询M条记录

    # 跳过3条记录,查询5条记录,这一般用于分页比较合理
    # 擦昏地当前页数和记录数
    select id,last_name,dept_id,salary
    from s_emp
    order by dept_id asc,salary desc
    limit 3, 5
    
    
    # 当数据表的记录上万条,比如超过1万条记录
    # 建议使用子查询进行分页,这样效率高点,因为子查询是在索引文件(所以你文件比较小,数据文件比较大,处理上就比较慢)上执行的
    select id, last_name, dept_id, salary
    from s_emp
    where id >=(
        select id
        from s_emp
        order by id
        limit 10000, 1
    )
    limit 10;
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/aitiknowledge/p/11455419.html
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