接口类和抽象类

https://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7293890.html

1. java

# java里的所有类的继承都是单继承,所以抽象类完美的解决了单继承需求中的规范问题
# 但对于多继承的需求，由于java本身语法的不支持，所以创建了接口Interface这个概念来解决多继承的规范问题

2. python

# python中没有接口类  ：
  #  python中自带多继承 所以我们直接用class来实现了接口类
# python中支持抽象类  ： 一般情况下 单继承  不能实例化
  #  且可以实现python代码




# 抽象类
import abc #利用abc模块实现抽象类

class All_file(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
    all_type='file'
    @abc.abstractmethod #定义抽象方法，无需实现功能
    def read(self):
        '子类必须定义读功能'
        with open('filaname') as f:
            pass

    @abc.abstractmethod #定义抽象方法，无需实现功能
    def write(self):
        '子类必须定义写功能'
        pass

class Txt(All_file): #子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法
    def read(self):
        print('文本数据的读取方法')
    def write(self):
        print('文本数据的读取方法')

class Sata(All_file): #子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法
    def read(self):
        print('硬盘数据的读取方法')

    def write(self):
        print('硬盘数据的读取方法')

class Process(All_file): #子类继承抽象类，但是必须定义read和write方法
    def read(self):
        print('进程数据的读取方法')

    def write(self):
        print('进程数据的读取方法')

wenbenwenjian=Txt()

yingpanwenjian=Sata()

jinchengwenjian=Process()

#这样大家都是被归一化了,也就是一切皆文件的思想
wenbenwenjian.read()
yingpanwenjian.write()
jinchengwenjian.read()

print(wenbenwenjian.all_type)
print(yingpanwenjian.all_type)
print(jinchengwenjian.all_type)




# 接口类
from abc import abstractmethod,ABCMeta
class Swim_Animal(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def swim(self):pass

class Walk_Animal(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def walk(self):pass

class Fly_Animal(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def fly(self):pass

class Tiger(Walk_Animal,Swim_Animal):
    def walk(self):
        pass
    def swim(self):
        pass
class OldYing(Fly_Animal,Walk_Animal):pass
class Swan(Swim_Animal,Walk_Animal,Fly_Animal):pass

3. 源码中
   https://stackoverflow.com/questions/100003/what-are-metaclasses-in-python
   https://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/1016959663602400/1017592449371072

#robot
# 定义
# Copied from Jinja2, released under the BSD license.
# https://github.com/mitsuhiko/jinja2/blob/743598d788528921df825479d64f492ef60bef82/jinja2/_compat.py#L88
def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a
    # dummy metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces
    # itself with the actual metaclass.
    class metaclass(type):
        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
            return meta(name, bases, d)
    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})


# 使用
@py2to3
class ModelObject(with_metaclass(SetterAwareType, object)):
    __slots__ = []

    def copy(self, **attributes):
        """Return shallow copy of this object.

        :param attributes: Attributes to be set for the returned copy
            automatically. For example, ``test.copy(name='New name')``.

        See also :meth:`deepcopy`. The difference between these two is the same
        as with the standard ``copy.copy`` and ``copy.deepcopy`` functions
        that these methods also use internally.

        New in Robot Framework 3.0.1.
        """
        copied = copy.copy(self)
        for name in attributes:
            setattr(copied, name, attributes[name])
        return copied