MySQL多表查询
建表与数据准备
#建表
create table department( #部门表
id int,
name varchar(20)
);
create table employee( #员工表
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);
#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');
insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('daxia','female',18,200),
('anwen','male',23,201),
('wudi','male',38,201),
('yage','female',23,202),
('dafei','male',18,200),
('jingyu','female',18,204)
;
#查看表结构和数据
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 23 | 201 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yage | female | 23 | 202 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
多表连接查询
#重点：外链接语法
SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 |
| 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 |
| 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
2 内连接：只连接匹配的行
#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name | age | sex | name |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | daxia | 18 | female | 技术 |
| 2 | anwen | 48 | male | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wudi | 38 | male | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yage | 28 | female | 销售 |
| 5 | dafei | 18 | male | 技术 |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+
#上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录
#以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+------------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+----+------------+--------------+
| 1 | daxia | 技术 |
| 5 | dafei | 技术 |
| 2 | anwen | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wudi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | dafei | 销售 |
| 6 | jingyu | NULL |
+----+------------+--------------+
4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+-----------+--------------+
| id | name | depart_name |
+------+-----------+--------------+
| 1 | daxia | 技术 |
| 2 | anwen | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wudi | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yage | 销售 |
| 5 | dafei | 技术 |
| NULL | NULL | 运营 |
+------+-----------+--------------+
5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录
全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
;
#查看结果
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 |
| 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 |
+------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
#注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录
符合条件连接查询
#示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id
where age > 25;
#示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25
order by age asc;
子查询
#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带IN关键字的子查询
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
#查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department where name='技术');
#查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id)
select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
2 带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp);
+---------+------+
| name | age |
+---------+------+
| anwen | 48 |
| wudi | 38 |
+---------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1
inner join
(select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。True或False
当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | daxia | female | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | anwen | male | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wudi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yage | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | dafei | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingyu | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
#department表中存在dept_id=205，False
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)