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  • CMake使用教程

    转自 RichardXG 原文 CMake使用教程

    CMake是一个比make更高级的编译配置工具,它可以根据不同平台、不同的编译器,生成相应的Makefile或者vcproj项目。
    通过编写CMakeLists.txt,可以控制生成的Makefile,从而控制编译过程。CMake自动生成的Makefile不仅可以通过make命令构建项目生成目标文件,还支持安装(make install)、测试安装的程序是否能正确执行(make test,或者ctest)、生成当前平台的安装包(make package)、生成源码包(make package_source)、产生Dashboard显示数据并上传等高级功能,只要在CMakeLists.txt中简单配置,就可以完成很多复杂的功能,包括写测试用例。
    如果有嵌套目录,子目录下可以有自己的CMakeLists.txt。
    总之,CMake是一个非常强大的编译自动配置工具,支持各种平台,KDE也是用它编译的,感兴趣的可以试用一下。
     
    准备活动:
    (1)安装cmake。
    根据自己的需要下载相应的包即可,Windows下可以下载zip压缩的绿色版本,还可以下载源代码。
    (2)运行cmake的方法。(GUI、命令行)

    CMake使用步骤:
    运行GUI的cmake界面:
    cmake-2.8.1-win32-x86/bin/cmake-gui.exe

    执行Configure:
    运行之后,生成了如下文件:

    生成Makefile:
    执行Generate之后生成如下文件:
    运行make进行编译:
    编译完成后,在build目录生成Tutorial.exe,运行Tutorial.exe 25就可以看到运行结果:
    运行make install安装程序:
    运行make test进行测试:

     
    通过cmake tutorial学习CMake配置方法
    http://www.cmake.org/cmake/help/cmake_tutorial.html
    可以在源代码的Tests/Turorial目录中找到这个手册对应的代码。
    1、Step1。
    (如果不知道如何使用cmake,以及如何使用编译产生的Turorial.exe,可先看下前面“CMake使用步骤”的说明,它以Step4为例详细介绍了使用过程,Step1的配置可能不够完全,比如无法运行make install,无法运行make test,但可以参考。)
    简单的程序编译。
    (1)运行GUI的cmake,指定要编译的源代码路径和二进制文件路径(会自动创建)。
    (2)点击Configure,配置成功后,再点击Generate。
    配置需要选择合适的编译器,虽然我安装了VC2008,但没有配置成功;选择Unix Makefiles,配置成功,它自动找到了DevC++下的gcc.exe等编译器。
    (3)在build3目录执行make,就能够编译生成Turorial.exe了。
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step1/build3>make
    Linking CXX executable Tutorial.exe
    [100%] Built target Tutorial
    可以运行一下Turorial.exe:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step1/build3>Tutorial.exe
    Tutorial.exe Version 1.0
    Usage: Tutorial.exe number
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step1/build3>Tutorial.exe 4
    The square root of 4 is 2
    2、Step2
    把子目录编译为库,并且链接到最终的可执行文件。
    include_directories ("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/MathFunctions")
    add_subdirectory (MathFunctions) # 使得子目录MathFunctions也能被编译
    # add the executable
    add_executable (Tutorial tutorial.cxx)
    target_link_libraries (Tutorial MathFunctions)
    产生makefile:
    在GUI上点击Configure,之后Generate还是灰色,再次点击Configure,Generate就可以点击了。
    编译:
    在build目录运行make,即可开始编译,但是开始会报告sh.exe运行异常,应该是Tools下的UnxUtils的sh.exe与Win7不兼容,发现有如下make文件,估计是它导致的,于是把它重命名,不使用UnxUtils下的make,就OK乐。
    D:/Tools/CMD/UnxUtils/usr/local/wbin/make.exe
    编译过程:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step2/build>make
    [ 50%] Building CXX object MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MathFunctions.dir/mysqrt.cxx
    .obj
    Linking CXX static library libMathFunctions.a
    [ 50%] Built target MathFunctions
    Linking CXX executable Tutorial.exe
    [100%] Built target Tutorial

    3、Step3
    支持make install把程序安装到系统指定目录,并且运行一些测试检查它是否能够正常工作。
    a、安装时使用的基础目录,由CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX指定。
    b、可以通过一个很简单的用例检查程序是否运行起来,没有出现异常。(TurotialRuns只是一个用例名字)
    add_test (TutorialRuns Tutorial 25)
    c、macro方式进行多组数据的测试是非常简洁方便的。
    #define a macro to simplify adding tests, then use it
    macro (do_test arg result)
    add_test (TutorialComp${arg} Tutorial ${arg})
    set_tests_properties (TutorialComp${arg}
    PROPERTIES PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION ${result})
    endmacro (do_test)
    # do a bunch of result based tests
    do_test (25 "25 is 5")
    do_test (-25 "-25 is 0")
    执行make install:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build>make install
    [ 50%] "Built target MathFunctions"
    [100%] "Built target Tutorial"
    Install the project...
    -- Install configuration: ""
    -- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/bin/Tutorial.exe
    -- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/include/TutorialConfig.h
    -- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/bin/libMathFunctions.a
    -- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/include/MathFunctions.h
    安装结果:
    C:/Program Files/Tutorial>tree /f
    C:.
    ├─bin
    │ libMathFunctions.a
    │ Tutorial.exe

    └─include
    MathFunctions.h
    TutorialConfig.h
    执行make test:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build>make test
    Running tests...
    Test project D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build
    Start 1: TutorialRuns
    1/5 Test #1: TutorialRuns ..................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 2: TutorialComp25
    2/5 Test #2: TutorialComp25 ................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 3: TutorialNegative
    3/5 Test #3: TutorialNegative ................. Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 4: TutorialSmall
    4/5 Test #4: TutorialSmall .................... Passed 0.00 sec
    Start 5: TutorialUsage
    5/5 Test #5: TutorialUsage .................... Passed 0.00 sec
    100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 5
    Total Test time (real) = 0.13 sec
    修改一个测试用例,让它不过:
    修改顶层CMakeLists.txt,然后重新Configure和Generate,然后make test即可看到结果。
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build>make test
    Running tests...
    Test project D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build
    Start 1: TutorialRuns
    1/5 Test #1: TutorialRuns ..................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 2: TutorialComp25
    2/5 Test #2: TutorialComp25 ...................***Failed Required regular expre
    ssion not found.Regex=[25 is 3
    ] 0.01 sec
    Start 3: TutorialNegative
    3/5 Test #3: TutorialNegative ................. Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 4: TutorialSmall
    4/5 Test #4: TutorialSmall .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 5: TutorialUsage
    5/5 Test #5: TutorialUsage .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    80% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 5
    Total Test time (real) = 0.13 sec
    The following tests FAILED:
    2 - TutorialComp25 (Failed)
    Errors while running CTest
    make: *** [test] Error 8

    4、Step4
    检查系统是否支持log和exp函数。(log和exp都是数学运算函数)
    检查方法:
    (1)顶层配置中使用CheckFunctionExists.cmake
    # does this system provide the log and exp functions?
    include (CheckFunctionExists.cmake)
    check_function_exists (log HAVE_LOG)
    check_function_exists (exp HAVE_EXP)
    (2)修改.in文件,定义宏。(修改TutorialConfig.h.in,cmake执行中会把宏定义为合适的值,生成TurorialConfig.h,供编译时使用)
    // does the platform provide exp and log functions?
    #cmakedefine HAVE_LOG
    #cmakedefine HAVE_EXP
    (3)在代码中使用宏和log函数等。
    // if we have both log and exp then use them
    #if defined (HAVE_LOG) && defined (HAVE_EXP)
    result = exp(log(x)*0.5);
    #else // otherwise use an iterative approach
    Step4的完整配置、生成Makefile、编译、运行、安装、测试过程,参见最前面的“CMake使用步骤”。

    5、Step5
    动态生成源文件,自动把源文件编译进系统中。
    make的时候出错了:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step5/build>make
    Scanning dependencies of target MakeTable
    [ 25%] Building CXX object MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/MakeTable.cxx.
    obj
    Linking CXX executable MakeTable.exe
    [ 25%] "Built target MakeTable"
    [ 50%] Generating Table.h
    '.' 不是内部或外部命令,也不是可运行的程序
    或批处理文件。
    make[2]: *** [MathFunctions/Table.h] Error 1
    make[1]: *** [MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MathFunctions.dir/all] Error 2
    make: *** [all] Error 2
    问题分析:
    首先看build/makefile文件,关于MakeTable有如下规则:
    # Build rule for target.
    MakeTable: cmake_check_build_system
    $(MAKE) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 MakeTable
    .PHONY : MakeTable
    再看Makefile2文件,找到出错时正在编译的目标。
    # All Build rule for target.
    MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/all:
    $(MAKE) -f MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/build.make MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/depend
    $(MAKE) -f MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/build.make MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/build
    $(CMAKE_COMMAND) -E cmake_progress_report D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step5/build/CMakeFiles 1
    @echo "Built target MakeTable"
    .PHONY : MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/all
    Make规则的执行顺序是按照命令的先后顺序:
    如果Makefile内容如下:
    all:
    echo "First line."
    echo "Second line."
    那么make结果:
    D:/Users/Desktop>make
    echo "First line."
    First line.
    echo "Second line."
    Second line.
    由此,Built target MakeTable输出之后才失败的。

    6、Step6
    生成各种平台Windows/Ubuntu/etc.上的安装包,包括二进制安装包和源码安装包。
    可以把依赖的系统库也打包。include (InstallRequiredSystemLibraries)
    使用CPack。
    由于Step1-7,后面一步的配置都包含了前面一步的配置,所以从Step5开始,就会遇到make的问题。
    为了编译通过,可以修改MathFunctions目录下的CMakeLists.txt和mysqrt.cxx,去掉所有对Table.h 的依赖。
    运行make package可以生成安装包:
    第一次,因为没有安装nsis,提示如下问题:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build>make package
    [ 50%] "Built target MathFunctions"
    [100%] "Built target Tutorial"
    Run CPack packaging tool...
    CPack Error: Cannot find NSIS registry value. This is usually caused by NSIS not
    being installed. Please install NSIS from http://nsis.sourceforge.net
    CPack Error: Cannot initialize the generator NSIS
    make: *** [package] Error 1
    安装NSIS之后,运行成功:
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build>make package
    [ 50%] "Built target MathFunctions"
    [100%] "Built target Tutorial"
    Run CPack packaging tool...
    CPack: Create package using NSIS
    CPack: Install projects
    CPack: - Run preinstall target for: Tutorial
    CPack: - Install project: Tutorial
    CPack: Compress package
    CPack: Finalize package
    CPack: Package D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build/T
    utorial-1.0.1-win32.exe generated.
    生成了如下的Windows安装包文件:
    安装完成后,还可以很方便的卸载它:
    运行make package_source可以产生源代码包。(我的电脑上提示找不到合适的zip程序)
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build>make package_sou
    rce
    Run CPack packaging tool for source...
    CPack Error: Cannot find a suitable ZIP program
    CPack Error: Cannot initialize the generator ZIP
    make: *** [package_source] Error 1
    7、Step7
    把结果发布到dashboard。
    下面网址是一个公开的dashboard:
    http://www.cdash.org/CDash/index.php?project=PublicDashboard
    dashboard上显示的项目名称通过如下方式设置:
    需要先把cmake/bin目录加入path中,然后执行ctest -D Experimental。这里遇到了一个错误。
    D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step7/build>ctest -D Experim
    ental
    Site: JELLY-PC2
    Build name: Win32-make
    Create new tag: 20100521-1833 - Experimental
    Configure project
    Each . represents 1024 bytes of output
    . Size of output: 0K
    Build project
    Each symbol represents 1024 bytes of output.
    '!' represents an error and '*' a warning.
    . Size of output: 0K
    0 Compiler errors
    0 Compiler warnings
    Test project D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step7/build
    Start 1: TutorialRuns
    1/9 Test #1: TutorialRuns ..................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 2: TutorialUsage
    2/9 Test #2: TutorialUsage .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 3: TutorialComp4
    3/9 Test #3: TutorialComp4 .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 4: TutorialComp9
    4/9 Test #4: TutorialComp9 .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 5: TutorialComp5
    5/9 Test #5: TutorialComp5 .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 6: TutorialComp7
    6/9 Test #6: TutorialComp7 .................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 7: TutorialComp25
    7/9 Test #7: TutorialComp25 ................... Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 8: TutorialComp-25
    8/9 Test #8: TutorialComp-25 .................. Passed 0.01 sec
    Start 9: TutorialComp0.0001
    9/9 Test #9: TutorialComp0.0001 ............... Passed 0.01 sec
    100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 9
    Total Test time (real) = 0.19 sec
    Performing coverage
    Cannot find any coverage files. Ignoring Coverage request.
    Submit files (using http)
    Using HTTP submit method
    Drop site:http://
    Error when uploading file: D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutoria
    l/Step7/build/Testing/20100521-1833/Build.xml
    Error message was: couldn't connect to host
    Problems when submitting via HTTP
    Errors while running CTest
    产生了如下一些文件:
     
     
     
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/arxive/p/6215106.html
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