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  • flink 批量梯度下降算法线性回归参数求解(Linear Regression with BGD(batch gradient descent) )

    1、线性回归

    假设线性函数如下:

    假设我们有10个样本x1,y1),(x2,y2).....(x10,y10),求解目标就是根据多个样本求解theta0和theta1的最优值。

    什么样的θ最好的呢?最能反映这些样本数据之间的规律呢?

    为了解决这个问题,我们需要引入误差分析预测值与真实值之间的误差为最小。

    2、梯度下降算法

    梯度下降的场景:

    梯度下降法的基本思想可以类比为一个下山的过程。假设这样一个场景:一个人被困在山上,需要从山上下来(i.e. 找到山的最低点,也就是山谷)。
    但此时山上的浓雾很大,导致可视度很低。因此,下山的路径就无法确定,他必须利用自己周围的信息去找到下山的路径。这个时候,他就可以利用梯度下降算法来帮助自己下山。
    具体来说就是,以他当前的所处的位置为基准,寻找这个位置最陡峭的地方,然后朝着山的高度下降的地方走,同理,如果我们的目标是上山,也就是爬到山顶,那么此时应该是朝着最陡峭的方向往上走。
    然后每走一段距离,都反复采用同一个方法,最后就能成功的抵达山谷。

    梯度下降实现:原理baidu,这里略过。下图来自internet,解释的非常到位。

    α含义
    α在梯度下降算法中被称作为学习率或者步长,意味着我们可以通过α来控制每一步走的距离,以保证不要步子跨的太大,就是不要走太快,错过了最低点。
    同时也要保证不要走的太慢,导致太阳下山了,还没有走到山下。所以α的选择在梯度下降法中往往是很重要的!α不能太大也不能太小,太小的话,可能导致迟迟走不到最低点,太大的话,会导致错过最低点! 梯度要乘以一个负号 梯度前加一个负号,就意味着朝着梯度相反的方向前进!梯度的方向实际就是函数在此点上升最快的方向!而我们需要朝着下降最快的方向走,自然就是负的梯度的方向,所以此处需要加上负号。

    实现梯度下降,需要定义一个代价函数,比如:

    这是均方误差代价函数

    m是数据集中点的个数
    二分之一(½)是一个常量,这样是为了在求梯度的时候,二次方乘下来就和这里的½抵消了,自然就没有多余的常数系数,方便后续的计算,同时对结果不会有影响
    y 是数据集中每个点的真实y坐标的值
    
    h 是预测函数,根据每一个输入x,根据Θ 计算得到预测的y值

    即:

    3、最终求解公式,代价函数是j=h(x)-y


    4、代码实现
    /**
     * @Author: xu.dm
     * @Date: 2019/7/16 21:52
     * @Description: 批量梯度下降算法解决线性回归 y = theta0 + theta1*x 的参数求解。
     * 本例实现一元数据求解二元参数。
     * BGD(批量梯度下降)算法的线性回归是一种迭代聚类算法,其工作原理如下:
     * BGD给出了数据集和目标集,试图找出适合目标集的数据集的最佳参数。
     * 在每次迭代中,算法计算代价函数(cost function)的梯度并使用它来更新所有参数。
     * 算法在固定次数的迭代后终止(如本实现中所示)通过足够的迭代,算法可以最小化成本函数并找到最佳参数。
     * Linear Regression with BGD(batch gradient descent) algorithm is an iterative clustering algorithm and works as follows:
     * Giving a data set and target set, the BGD try to find out the best parameters for the data set to fit the target set.
     * In each iteration, the algorithm computes the gradient of the cost function and use it to update all the parameters.
     * The algorithm terminates after a fixed number of iterations (as in this implementation)
     * With enough iteration, the algorithm can minimize the cost function and find the best parameters
     *
     * This implementation works on one-dimensional data. And find the two-dimensional theta.
     * It find the best Theta parameter to fit the target.
     *
     * <p>Input files are plain text files and must be formatted as follows:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Data points are represented as two double values separated by a blank character. The first one represent the X(the training data) and the second represent the Y(target).
     * Data points are separated by newline characters.<br>
     * For example <code>"-0.02 -0.04
    5.3 10.6
    "</code> gives two data points (x=-0.02, y=-0.04) and (x=5.3, y=10.6).
     * </ul>
     */
    public class LinearRegression {
        public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception{
            final ParameterTool params = ParameterTool.fromArgs(args);
    
            final ExecutionEnvironment env = ExecutionEnvironment.getExecutionEnvironment();
    
            env.getConfig().setGlobalJobParameters(params);
    
            final int iterations = params.getInt("iterations", 10);
    
            // get input x data from elements
            DataSet<Data> data;
            if (params.has("input")) {
                // read data from CSV file
                data = env.readCsvFile(params.get("input"))
                        .fieldDelimiter(" ")
                        .includeFields(true, true)
                        .pojoType(Data.class);
            } else {
                System.out.println("Executing LinearRegression example with default input data set.");
                System.out.println("Use --input to specify file input.");
                data = LinearRegressionData.getDefaultDataDataSet(env);
            }
    
            // get the parameters from elements
            DataSet<Params> parameters = LinearRegressionData.getDefaultParamsDataSet(env);
    
            // set number of bulk iterations for SGD linear Regression
            IterativeDataSet<Params> loop = parameters.iterate(iterations);
    
            DataSet<Params> newParameters = data
                    // compute a single step using every sample
                    .map(new SubUpdate()).withBroadcastSet(loop,"parameters")
                    // sum up all the steps
                    .reduce(new UpdateAccumulator())
                    // average the steps and update all parameters
                    .map(new Update());
    
            // feed new parameters back into next iteration
            DataSet<Params> result = loop.closeWith(newParameters);
    
            // emit result
            if (params.has("output")) {
                result.writeAsText(params.get("output"));
                // execute program
                env.execute("Linear Regression example");
            } else {
                System.out.println("Printing result to stdout. Use --output to specify output path.");
                result.print();
            }
    
        }
    
    
        /**
         * A simple data sample, x means the input, and y means the target.
         */
        public static class Data implements Serializable{
            public double x, y;
    
            public Data() {}
    
            public Data(double x, double y) {
                this.x = x;
                this.y = y;
            }
    
            @Override
            public String toString() {
                return "(" + x + "|" + y + ")";
            }
    
        }
    
        /**
         * A set of parameters -- theta0, theta1.
         */
        public static class Params implements Serializable {
    
            private double theta0, theta1;
    
            public Params() {}
    
            public Params(double x0, double x1) {
                this.theta0 = x0;
                this.theta1 = x1;
            }
    
            @Override
            public String toString() {
                return theta0 + " " + theta1;
            }
    
            public double getTheta0() {
                return theta0;
            }
    
            public double getTheta1() {
                return theta1;
            }
    
            public void setTheta0(double theta0) {
                this.theta0 = theta0;
            }
    
            public void setTheta1(double theta1) {
                this.theta1 = theta1;
            }
    
            public Params div(Integer a) {
                this.theta0 = theta0 / a;
                this.theta1 = theta1 / a;
                return this;
            }
    
        }
    
        /**
         * Compute a single BGD type update for every parameters.
         * h(x) = theta0*X0 + theta1*X1,假设X0=1,则h(x) = theta0 + theta1*X1,即y = theta0 + theta1*x
         * 代价函数:j=h(x)-y,这里用的是比较简单的cost function
         * theta0 = theta0 - α∑(h(x)-y)
         * theta1 = theta1 - α∑((h(x)-y)*x)
         *
         */
        public static class SubUpdate extends RichMapFunction<Data, Tuple2<Params, Integer>> {
    
            private Collection<Params> parameters;
    
            private Params parameter;
    
            private int count = 1;
    
            /** Reads the parameters from a broadcast variable into a collection. */
            @Override
            public void open(Configuration parameters) throws Exception {
                this.parameters = getRuntimeContext().getBroadcastVariable("parameters");
            }
    
            @Override
            public Tuple2<Params, Integer> map(Data in) throws Exception {
    
                for (Params p : parameters){
                    this.parameter = p;
                }
                //核心计算,对于y = theta0 + theta1*x 假定theta0乘以X0=1,所以theta0计算不用乘以in.x
                double theta0 = parameter.theta0 - 0.01 * ((parameter.theta0 + (parameter.theta1 * in.x)) - in.y);
                double theta1 = parameter.theta1 - 0.01 * (((parameter.theta0 + (parameter.theta1 * in.x)) - in.y) * in.x);
                System.out.println("theta0: "+theta0+" , theta1: "+theta1);
    
                return new Tuple2<>(new Params(theta0, theta1), count);
            }
        }
    
        /**
         * Accumulator all the update.
         * */
        public static class UpdateAccumulator implements ReduceFunction<Tuple2<Params, Integer>> {
    
            @Override
            public Tuple2<Params, Integer> reduce(Tuple2<Params, Integer> val1, Tuple2<Params, Integer> val2) {
    
                double newTheta0 = val1.f0.theta0 + val2.f0.theta0;
                double newTheta1 = val1.f0.theta1 + val2.f0.theta1;
                Params result = new Params(newTheta0, newTheta1);
                return new Tuple2<>(result, val1.f1 + val2.f1);
    
            }
        }
    
        /**
         * Compute the final update by average them.
         */
        public static class Update implements MapFunction<Tuple2<Params, Integer>, Params> {
    
            @Override
            public Params map(Tuple2<Params, Integer> arg0) throws Exception {
    
                return arg0.f0.div(arg0.f1);
    
            }
    
        }
    }

    数据准备:

    public class LinearRegressionData {
        // We have the data as object arrays so that we can also generate Scala Data
        // Sources from it.
        public static final Object[][] PARAMS = new Object[][] { new Object[] {
                0.0, 0.0 } };
    
        public static final Object[][] DATA = new Object[][] {
                new Object[] { 0.5, 1.0 }, new Object[] { 1.0, 2.0 },
                new Object[] { 2.0, 4.0 }, new Object[] { 3.0, 6.0 },
                new Object[] { 4.0, 8.0 }, new Object[] { 5.0, 10.0 },
                new Object[] { 6.0, 12.0 }, new Object[] { 7.0, 14.0 },
                new Object[] { 8.0, 16.0 }, new Object[] { 9.0, 18.0 },
                new Object[] { 10.0, 20.0 }, new Object[] { -0.08, -0.16 },
                new Object[] { 0.13, 0.26 }, new Object[] { -1.17, -2.35 },
                new Object[] { 1.72, 3.45 }, new Object[] { 1.70, 3.41 },
                new Object[] { 1.20, 2.41 }, new Object[] { -0.59, -1.18 },
                new Object[] { 0.28, 0.57 }, new Object[] { 1.65, 3.30 },
                new Object[] { -0.55, -1.08 } };
    
        public static DataSet<LinearRegression.Params> getDefaultParamsDataSet(ExecutionEnvironment env) {
            List<LinearRegression.Params> paramsList = new LinkedList<>();
            for (Object[] params : PARAMS) {
                paramsList.add(new LinearRegression.Params((Double) params[0], (Double) params[1]));
            }
            return env.fromCollection(paramsList);
        }
    
        public static DataSet<LinearRegression.Data> getDefaultDataDataSet(ExecutionEnvironment env) {
            List<LinearRegression.Data> dataList = new LinkedList<>();
            for (Object[] data : DATA) {
                dataList.add(new LinearRegression.Data((Double) data[0], (Double) data[1]));
            }
            return env.fromCollection(dataList);
        }
    }
     
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/asker009/p/11202480.html
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