实验一：实验楼
- 使用库函数API和C代码中嵌入汇编代码两种方式使用同一个系统调用
- 系统调用列表参见http://codelab.shiyanlou.com/xref/linux-3.18.6/arch/x86/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl
操作
- 查找系统调用列表
man syscalls
- 选择想要使用的系统调用：write，查到系统调用号为 4
打开/usr/include/asm/unistd.h或/usr/include/bits/syscall.h
32位#define __NR_write 4 - 用man分析write
输入指令man 2 write
得到write的函数原型和返回值
ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count);
4. 编写C代码：hello.c
5. 编写内嵌汇编C代码：hello_ASM.c
6.测试两个代码：成功，效果相同
分析
一、汇编代码调用系统调用的工作过程，特别是参数的传递的方式等
替换printf的汇编代码
// ssize_t write(int fd, const void buf, size_t count); 系统调用write的原型
asm volatile(
"movl $1, %%ebx;
" /传入参数：文件描述符fd=1,标准输出stdout）/
"movl %1, %%ecx;
" /传入参数：要显示的字符串word/
"movl %2, %%edx;
" /传入参数：要显示的字符串长度 count/
"movl $0x4, %%eax;
" /用eax传递系统调用号：4 write()/
"int $0x80
" /触发系统调用中断/
"movl %%eax,%0;
" /返回系统调用返回值/
:"=m"(flag) /输出部分/
:"m"(word),"r"(count) /输入部分：字符串和字符串长度变量*/
:"%eax");
总结
总结部分需要阐明自己对“系统调用的工作机制”的理解。
- 实质：系统调用属于操作系统的三级接口中的第二级程序接口，且为一种软中断方式
- 解决的问题：为用户态提供接口调用OS的功能，屏蔽底层细节，且维护了操作系统的稳定性、可移植性和安全性
- 工作机制：实际上是中断程序执行的过程
程序在调用与内核空间交互的API时，通过软中断发出中断请求，执行int指令触发中断，实现目态到管态的切换，将所需参数通过寄存器传递和返回，通过中断服务程序system_call查找中断处理程序表，找到中断程序入口，（如系统调用号在表中对应的程序入口地址），执行系统调用，并在执行完成后通过寄存器返回值，在处理完中断请求和进程调度后，返回用户态。
遇到的问题
1、fd文件描述符不用传入参数，直接指定终端文件就可以了
// 0 ,1,2叫文件描述符；Linux中，每打开一个文件都有一个小的整数与之对应，就是文件描述符！
// 0 是标准输入的 （stdin）
// 1 是标准输出的 （stdout）
// 2 是标准报错输出的 （stderr）
2、size_t count要根据传入的字符串大小来赋值，一开始少赋值导致少了感叹号和换行号
笔记一 简述
一、方法流：分析-学习-实现
- 分析程序
首先分析现有的Linux命令，了解它的功能及实现原理。能写出实现该命令的伪代码。- 学习系统调用
看程序都用到哪些系统调用，以及每个系统调用的功能（参数，返回值,错误码...）和使用方法（相关头文件，库文件，相关系统调用...）。- 编程实现
利用学到的原理和系统调用，自己编程实现原来程序所实现的功能。
Linux中学习Linxu系统编程的方法：
- 问题驱动，使用man手册学习
man -k key1|grep key2|...在manpages中搜索你要的内容 - 阅读.h文件： 可以通过grep -nr XXXX /usr/incldue查找相关的宏定义，结构体定义，类型定义等
- 解决一个问题要多个系统调用，可以参考manpages的SEE ALSO部分来得到相关系统调用的信息
二、思考流：what、how、do
以上3步可以通过下面3个问题来实现：
- 它能做什么？
- 它是如何实现的？
- 能不能自己编写一个？
三、实现
写程序要写三种代码：
- 伪代码：确定你解决了问题没
- 产品代码： 用计算机语言解决问题，伪代码是产品代码最好的注释
- 测试代码：是不是正确的解决了问题
笔记二：如何使用manpage
一、manual的使用
（一）、manual的中英文切换命令
LANG="en_US.utf8"
sudo apt-get install manpages-zh
（二）、man手册结构
1是普通的Linux命令
2是系统调用,操作系统的提供的服务接口
3是库函数, C语言中的函数
5是指文件的格式,比如passwd, 就会说明这个文件中各个字段的含义
6是给游戏留的,由各个游戏自己定义
7是附件还有一些变量,比如向environ这种全局变量在这里就有说明
8是系统管理用的命令,这些命令只能由root使用,如ifconfig
（三）、man命令
搜索命令
man -k sort (man -k 有个等价的命令apropos)
多关键字查找：grep 命令和管道，可以
man -k key1 | grep key2 | grep key3 | ...
查看命令的基本功能
man -f cmd (等价于whatis)
（四）系统调用列表
man syscalls
（五）linux 系统调用号表
/usr/include/asm/unistd.h
32位
#ifndef _ASM_X86_UNISTD_32_H
#define _ASM_X86_UNISTD_32_H 1
#define __NR_restart_syscall 0
#define __NR_exit 1
#define __NR_fork 2
#define __NR_read 3
#define __NR_write 4
#define __NR_open 5
#define __NR_close 6
#define __NR_waitpid 7
#define __NR_creat 8
#define __NR_link 9
#define __NR_unlink 10
#define __NR_execve 11
#define __NR_chdir 12
#define __NR_time 13
#define __NR_mknod 14
#define __NR_chmod 15
#define __NR_lchown 16
#define __NR_break 17
#define __NR_oldstat 18
#define __NR_lseek 19
#define __NR_getpid 20
#define __NR_mount 21
#define __NR_umount 22
#define __NR_setuid 23
#define __NR_getuid 24
#define __NR_stime 25
#define __NR_ptrace 26
#define __NR_alarm 27
#define __NR_oldfstat 28
#define __NR_pause 29
#define __NR_utime 30
#define __NR_stty 31
#define __NR_gtty 32
#define __NR_access 33
#define __NR_nice 34
#define __NR_ftime 35
#define __NR_sync 36
#define __NR_kill 37
#define __NR_rename 38
#define __NR_mkdir 39
#define __NR_rmdir 40
#define __NR_dup 41
#define __NR_pipe 42
#define __NR_times 43
#define __NR_prof 44
#define __NR_brk 45
#define __NR_setgid 46
#define __NR_getgid 47
#define __NR_signal 48
#define __NR_geteuid 49
#define __NR_getegid 50
#define __NR_acct 51
#define __NR_umount2 52
#define __NR_lock 53
#define __NR_ioctl 54
#define __NR_fcntl 55
#define __NR_mpx 56
#define __NR_setpgid 57
#define __NR_ulimit 58
#define __NR_oldolduname 59
#define __NR_umask 60
#define __NR_chroot 61
#define __NR_ustat 62
#define __NR_dup2 63
#define __NR_getppid 64
#define __NR_getpgrp 65
#define __NR_setsid 66
#define __NR_sigaction 67
#define __NR_sgetmask 68
#define __NR_ssetmask 69
#define __NR_setreuid 70
#define __NR_setregid 71
#define __NR_sigsuspend 72
#define __NR_sigpending 73
#define __NR_sethostname 74
#define __NR_setrlimit 75
#define __NR_getrlimit 76
#define __NR_getrusage 77
#define __NR_gettimeofday 78
#define __NR_settimeofday 79
#define __NR_getgroups 80
#define __NR_setgroups 81
#define __NR_select 82
#define __NR_symlink 83
#define __NR_oldlstat 84
#define __NR_readlink 85
#define __NR_uselib 86
#define __NR_swapon 87
#define __NR_reboot 88
#define __NR_readdir 89
#define __NR_mmap 90
#define __NR_munmap 91
#define __NR_truncate 92
#define __NR_ftruncate 93
#define __NR_fchmod 94
#define __NR_fchown 95
#define __NR_getpriority 96
#define __NR_setpriority 97
#define __NR_profil 98
#define __NR_statfs 99
#define __NR_fstatfs 100
#define __NR_ioperm 101
#define __NR_socketcall 102
#define __NR_syslog 103
#define __NR_setitimer 104
#define __NR_getitimer 105
#define __NR_stat 106
#define __NR_lstat 107
#define __NR_fstat 108
#define __NR_olduname 109
#define __NR_iopl 110
#define __NR_vhangup 111
#define __NR_idle 112
#define __NR_vm86old 113
#define __NR_wait4 114
#define __NR_swapoff 115
#define __NR_sysinfo 116
#define __NR_ipc 117
#define __NR_fsync 118
#define __NR_sigreturn 119
#define __NR_clone 120
#define __NR_setdomainname 121
#define __NR_uname 122
#define __NR_modify_ldt 123
#define __NR_adjtimex 124
#define __NR_mprotect 125
#define __NR_sigprocmask 126
#define __NR_create_module 127
#define __NR_init_module 128
#define __NR_delete_module 129
#define __NR_get_kernel_syms 130
#define __NR_quotactl 131
#define __NR_getpgid 132
#define __NR_fchdir 133
#define __NR_bdflush 134
#define __NR_sysfs 135
#define __NR_personality 136
#define __NR_afs_syscall 137
#define __NR_setfsuid 138
#define __NR_setfsgid 139
#define __NR__llseek 140
#define __NR_getdents 141
#define __NR__newselect 142
#define __NR_flock 143
#define __NR_msync 144
#define __NR_readv 145
#define __NR_writev 146
#define __NR_getsid 147
#define __NR_fdatasync 148
#define __NR__sysctl 149
#define __NR_mlock 150
#define __NR_munlock 151
#define __NR_mlockall 152
#define __NR_munlockall 153
#define __NR_sched_setparam 154
#define __NR_sched_getparam 155
#define __NR_sched_setscheduler 156
#define __NR_sched_getscheduler 157
#define __NR_sched_yield 158
#define __NR_sched_get_priority_max 159
#define __NR_sched_get_priority_min 160
#define __NR_sched_rr_get_interval 161
#define __NR_nanosleep 162
#define __NR_mremap 163
#define __NR_setresuid 164
#define __NR_getresuid 165
#define __NR_vm86 166
#define __NR_query_module 167
#define __NR_poll 168
#define __NR_nfsservctl 169
#define __NR_setresgid 170
#define __NR_getresgid 171
#define __NR_prctl 172
#define __NR_rt_sigreturn 173
#define __NR_rt_sigaction 174
#define __NR_rt_sigprocmask 175
#define __NR_rt_sigpending 176
#define __NR_rt_sigtimedwait 177
#define __NR_rt_sigqueueinfo 178
#define __NR_rt_sigsuspend 179
#define __NR_pread64 180
#define __NR_pwrite64 181
#define __NR_chown 182
#define __NR_getcwd 183
#define __NR_capget 184
#define __NR_capset 185
#define __NR_sigaltstack 186
#define __NR_sendfile 187
#define __NR_getpmsg 188
#define __NR_putpmsg 189
#define __NR_vfork 190
#define __NR_ugetrlimit 191
#define __NR_mmap2 192
#define __NR_truncate64 193
#define __NR_ftruncate64 194
#define __NR_stat64 195
#define __NR_lstat64 196
#define __NR_fstat64 197
#define __NR_lchown32 198
#define __NR_getuid32 199
#define __NR_getgid32 200
#define __NR_geteuid32 201
#define __NR_getegid32 202
#define __NR_setreuid32 203
#define __NR_setregid32 204
#define __NR_getgroups32 205
#define __NR_setgroups32 206
#define __NR_fchown32 207
#define __NR_setresuid32 208
#define __NR_getresuid32 209
#define __NR_setresgid32 210
#define __NR_getresgid32 211
#define __NR_chown32 212
#define __NR_setuid32 213
#define __NR_setgid32 214
#define __NR_setfsuid32 215
#define __NR_setfsgid32 216
#define __NR_pivot_root 217
#define __NR_mincore 218
#define __NR_madvise 219
#define __NR_getdents64 220
#define __NR_fcntl64 221
#define __NR_gettid 224
#define __NR_readahead 225
#define __NR_setxattr 226
#define __NR_lsetxattr 227
#define __NR_fsetxattr 228
#define __NR_getxattr 229
#define __NR_lgetxattr 230
#define __NR_fgetxattr 231
#define __NR_listxattr 232
#define __NR_llistxattr 233
#define __NR_flistxattr 234
#define __NR_removexattr 235
#define __NR_lremovexattr 236
#define __NR_fremovexattr 237
#define __NR_tkill 238
#define __NR_sendfile64 239
#define __NR_futex 240
#define __NR_sched_setaffinity 241
#define __NR_sched_getaffinity 242
#define __NR_set_thread_area 243
#define __NR_get_thread_area 244
#define __NR_io_setup 245
#define __NR_io_destroy 246
#define __NR_io_getevents 247
#define __NR_io_submit 248
#define __NR_io_cancel 249
#define __NR_fadvise64 250
#define __NR_exit_group 252
#define __NR_lookup_dcookie 253
#define __NR_epoll_create 254
#define __NR_epoll_ctl 255
#define __NR_epoll_wait 256
#define __NR_remap_file_pages 257
#define __NR_set_tid_address 258
#define __NR_timer_create 259
#define __NR_timer_settime 260
#define __NR_timer_gettime 261
#define __NR_timer_getoverrun 262
#define __NR_timer_delete 263
#define __NR_clock_settime 264
#define __NR_clock_gettime 265
#define __NR_clock_getres 266
#define __NR_clock_nanosleep 267
#define __NR_statfs64 268
#define __NR_fstatfs64 269
#define __NR_tgkill 270
#define __NR_utimes 271
#define __NR_fadvise64_64 272
#define __NR_vserver 273
#define __NR_mbind 274
#define __NR_get_mempolicy 275
#define __NR_set_mempolicy 276
#define __NR_mq_open 277
#define __NR_mq_unlink 278
#define __NR_mq_timedsend 279
#define __NR_mq_timedreceive 280
#define __NR_mq_notify 281
#define __NR_mq_getsetattr 282
#define __NR_kexec_load 283
#define __NR_waitid 284
#define __NR_add_key 286
#define __NR_request_key 287
#define __NR_keyctl 288
#define __NR_ioprio_set 289
#define __NR_ioprio_get 290
#define __NR_inotify_init 291
#define __NR_inotify_add_watch 292
#define __NR_inotify_rm_watch 293
#define __NR_migrate_pages 294
#define __NR_openat 295
#define __NR_mkdirat 296
#define __NR_mknodat 297
#define __NR_fchownat 298
#define __NR_futimesat 299
#define __NR_fstatat64 300
#define __NR_unlinkat 301
#define __NR_renameat 302
#define __NR_linkat 303
#define __NR_symlinkat 304
#define __NR_readlinkat 305
#define __NR_fchmodat 306
#define __NR_faccessat 307
#define __NR_pselect6 308
#define __NR_ppoll 309
#define __NR_unshare 310
#define __NR_set_robust_list 311
#define __NR_get_robust_list 312
#define __NR_splice 313
#define __NR_sync_file_range 314
#define __NR_tee 315
#define __NR_vmsplice 316
#define __NR_move_pages 317
#define __NR_getcpu 318
#define __NR_epoll_pwait 319
#define __NR_utimensat 320
#define __NR_signalfd 321
#define __NR_timerfd_create 322
#define __NR_eventfd 323
#define __NR_fallocate 324
#define __NR_timerfd_settime 325
#define __NR_timerfd_gettime 326
#define __NR_signalfd4 327
#define __NR_eventfd2 328
#define __NR_epoll_create1 329
#define __NR_dup3 330
#define __NR_pipe2 331
#define __NR_inotify_init1 332
#define __NR_preadv 333
#define __NR_pwritev 334
#define __NR_rt_tgsigqueueinfo 335
#define __NR_perf_event_open 336
#define __NR_recvmmsg 337
#define __NR_fanotify_init 338
#define __NR_fanotify_mark 339
#define __NR_prlimit64 340
#define __NR_name_to_handle_at 341
#define __NR_open_by_handle_at 342
#define __NR_clock_adjtime 343
#define __NR_syncfs 344
#define __NR_sendmmsg 345
#define __NR_setns 346
#define __NR_process_vm_readv 347
#define __NR_process_vm_writev 348
#define __NR_kcmp 349
#define __NR_finit_module 350
#define __NR_sched_setattr 351
#define __NR_sched_getattr 352
#define __NR_renameat2 353
#define __NR_seccomp 354
#define __NR_getrandom 355
#define __NR_memfd_create 356
#define __NR_bpf 357
#define __NR_execveat 358
#define __NR_socket 359
#define __NR_socketpair 360
#define __NR_bind 361
#define __NR_connect 362
#define __NR_listen 363
#define __NR_accept4 364
#define __NR_getsockopt 365
#define __NR_setsockopt 366
#define __NR_getsockname 367
#define __NR_getpeername 368
#define __NR_sendto 369
#define __NR_sendmsg 370
#define __NR_recvfrom 371
#define __NR_recvmsg 372
#define __NR_shutdown 373
#define __NR_userfaultfd 374
#define __NR_membarrier 375
#define __NR_mlock2 376
#define __NR_copy_file_range 377
#define __NR_preadv2 378
#define __NR_pwritev2 379
#endif /* _ASM_X86_UNISTD_32_H */
参考：