1、在元类中控制把自定义类的数据属性都变成大写
class Mymeta(type): def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs): update_attrs={} for k,v in attrs.items(): if not callable(v) and not k.startswith('__'): update_attrs[k.upper()]=v else: update_attrs[k]=v return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,update_attrs) class Chinese(metaclass=Mymeta): country='China' tag='Legend of the Dragon' #龙的传人 def walk(self): print('%s is walking' %self.name) print(Chinese.__dict__) ''' {'__module__': '__main__', 'COUNTRY': 'China', 'TAG': 'Legend of the Dragon', 'walk': <function Chinese.walk at 0x0000000001E7B950>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Chinese' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Chinese' objects>, '__doc__': None} '''
2、在元类中控制自定义的类无需__init__方法
1.元类帮其完成创建对象,以及初始化操作; 2.要求实例化时传参必须为关键字形式,否则抛出异常TypeError: must use keyword argument 3.key作为用户自定义类产生对象的属性,且所有属性变成大写
class Mymetaclass(type): # def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs): # update_attrs={} # for k,v in attrs.items(): # if not callable(v) and not k.startswith('__'): # update_attrs[k.upper()]=v # else: # update_attrs[k]=v # return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,update_attrs) def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): if args: raise TypeError('must use keyword argument for key function') obj = self.__new__(self) #创建对象,self为类Chiness for k,v in kwargs.items(): obj.__dict__[k.upper()]=v return obj class Chinese(metaclass=Mymetaclass): country='China' tag='Legend of the Dragon' #龙的传人 def walk(self): print('%s is walking' %self.name) p=Chinese(name='lili',age=18,sex='male') print(p.__dict__)
3、在元类中控制自定义的类产生的对象相关的属性全部为隐藏属性
class Mymeta(type): def __init__(self,class_name,class_bases,class_dic): #控制类Foo的创建 super(Mymeta,self).__init__(class_name,class_bases,class_dic) def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): #控制Foo的调用过程,即Foo对象的产生过程 obj = self.__new__(self) self.__init__(obj, *args, **kwargs) obj.__dict__={'_%s__%s' %(self.__name__,k):v for k,v in obj.__dict__.items()} return obj class Foo(object,metaclass=Mymeta): # Foo=Mymeta(...) def __init__(self, name, age,sex): self.name=name self.age=age self.sex=sex obj=Foo('lili',18,'male') print(obj.__dict__)
4、基于元类实现单例模式
#步骤五:基于元类实现单例模式 # 单例:即单个实例,指的是同一个类实例化多次的结果指向同一个对象,用于节省内存空间 # 如果我们从配置文件中读取配置来进行实例化,在配置相同的情况下,就没必要重复产生对象浪费内存了 #settings.py文件内容如下 HOST='1.1.1.1' PORT=3306 #方式一:定义一个类方法实现单例模式 import settings class Mysql: __instance=None def __init__(self,host,port): self.host=host self.port=port @classmethod def singleton(cls): if not cls.__instance: cls.__instance=cls(settings.HOST,settings.PORT) return cls.__instance obj1=Mysql('1.1.1.2',3306) obj2=Mysql('1.1.1.3',3307) print(obj1 is obj2) #False obj3=Mysql.singleton() obj4=Mysql.singleton() print(obj3 is obj4) #True #方式二:定制元类实现单例模式 import settings class Mymeta(type): def __init__(self,name,bases,dic): #定义类Mysql时就触发 # 事先先从配置文件中取配置来造一个Mysql的实例出来 self.__instance = object.__new__(self) # 产生对象 self.__init__(self.__instance, settings.HOST, settings.PORT) # 初始化对象 # 上述两步可以合成下面一步 # self.__instance=super().__call__(*args,**kwargs) super().__init__(name,bases,dic) def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): #Mysql(...)时触发 if args or kwargs: # args或kwargs内有值 obj=object.__new__(self) self.__init__(obj,*args,**kwargs) return obj return self.__instance class Mysql(metaclass=Mymeta): def __init__(self,host,port): self.host=host self.port=port obj1=Mysql() # 没有传值则默认从配置文件中读配置来实例化,所有的实例应该指向一个内存地址 obj2=Mysql() obj3=Mysql() print(obj1 is obj2 is obj3) obj4=Mysql('1.1.1.4',3307) #方式三:定义一个装饰器实现单例模式 import settings def singleton(cls): #cls=Mysql _instance=cls(settings.HOST,settings.PORT) def wrapper(*args,**kwargs): if args or kwargs: obj=cls(*args,**kwargs) return obj return _instance return wrapper @singleton # Mysql=singleton(Mysql) class Mysql: def __init__(self,host,port): self.host=host self.port=port obj1=Mysql() obj2=Mysql() obj3=Mysql() print(obj1 is obj2 is obj3) #True obj4=Mysql('1.1.1.3',3307) obj5=Mysql('1.1.1.4',3308) print(obj3 is obj4) #False