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  • Linux shell脚本编程if语句的使用方法(条件判断)

    if 语句格式
    if  条件
    then
     Command
    else
     Command
    fi        别忘了这个结尾
    If语句忘了结尾fi
    test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi     if 的三种条件表达式

    if
    command
    then if
     函数
    then
     命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
    执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
    if [ expression_r_r_r  ]
    then    表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
    if test expression_r_r_r
    then   表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then      
       [ ] &&  ——快捷if
    [ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
       && 可以理解为then
        如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句       shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别

     shell if      c语言if
    0为真,走then   正好相反,非0走then
     不支持整数变量直接if
    必须:if [ i –ne 0 ] 但支持字符串变量直接if
    if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
     支持变量直接if
    if (i ) 


     以多条command或者函数作为if 条件

    复制代码 代码如下:

    echo –n “input:”
    read user if
    多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)
    grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null     
    who -u | grep $user
    then             上边的指令都执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then
     echo "$user has logged"
    else     指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else                           
     echo "$user has not logged"
    fi  
    # sh test.sh
    input : macg
    macg     pts/0        May 15 15:55   .          2075 (192.168.1.100)
    macg has logged

    # sh test.sh
    input : ddd
    ddd has not logged       以函数作为if条件  (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)

    if
    以函数作为if条件,
    getyn
    then   函数reture值0为真,走then
    echo " your answer is yes"
    else  函数return值非0为假,走else
    echo "your anser is no"
    fi      if command  等价于 command+if $?

    $ vi testsh.sh
    #!/bin/sh if
    cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
    then
    echo found
    else
    echo "no found"
    fi
     $ vi testsh.sh
    #!/bin/sh cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
    if [ $? -eq 0 ]
    then
    echo $?
    echo found
    else
    echo $?
    echo "no found"
    fi
    $ sh testsh.sh
    no found    $ sh testsh.sh
    1
    no found
    $ vi 111-tmp.txt
    that is 222file
    thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
    thisting1 is 111file
    found
    $ vi 111-tmp.txt
    that is 222file
    thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
    thisting1 is 111file
    0
    found
     

    传统if 从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件

    复制代码 代码如下:

    if [ 条件表达式 ]
    then
     command
     command
     command
    else
     command
     command
    fi



     条件表达式

    if [ -f  file ]    如果文件存在
    if [ -d ...   ]    如果目录存在
    if [ -s file  ]    如果文件存在且非空
    if [ -r file  ]    如果文件存在且可读
    if [ -w file  ]    如果文件存在且可写
    if [ -x file  ]    如果文件存在且可执行  
    if [ int1 -eq int2 ]    如果int1等于int2  
    if [ int1 -ne int2 ]    如果不等于   
    if [ int1 -ge int2 ]       如果>=
    if [ int1 -gt int2 ]       如果>
    if [ int1 -le int2 ]       如果<=
    if [ int1 -lt int2 ]       如果<
      

    字符串变量表达式

    复制代码 代码如下:

    If  [ $a = $b ]                 如果string1等于string2
                                    字符串允许使用赋值号做等号
    if  [ $string1 !=  $string2 ]   如果string1不等于string2      
    if  [ -n $string  ]             如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true) 
    if  [ -z $string  ]             如果string 为空
    if  [ $sting ]                  如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n类似)         条件表达式引用变量要带$

    if [ a = b ] ;then   
    echo equal
    else
    echo no equal
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    5
    input b:
    5
    no equal  (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b) 改正:
    if [ $a = $b ] ;then      
    echo equal
    else
    echo no equal
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    5
    input b:
    5
    equal                                                                                   
      -eq  -ne  -lt  -nt只能用于整数,不适用于字符串,字符串等于用赋值号=
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
    echo -n "input your choice:"
    read var
    if  [ $var -eq "yes" ]
    then
    echo $var
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
                           期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串     =放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于
       无空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加

    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
    echo "input a:"
    read a
    echo "input is $a"
    if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
    echo equal123
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    123
    input is 123
    equal123      = 作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效
    等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)

    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
    read var
    if [ $var="yes" ]
    then
    echo $var
    echo "input is correct"
    else
    echo $var
    echo "input error"
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
    read var
    if [ $var = "yes" ]   在等号两边加空格
    then
    echo $var
    echo "input is correct"
    else
    echo $var
    echo "input error"
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    y
    input is correct
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:

    n
    input is correct
    输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?
    因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else   [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    y
    input error
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    no                      
    no
    input error
    一切正常     If  [  $ANS  ]     等价于  if [ -n $ANS ]
          如果字符串变量非空(then) , 空(else)

    echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS if [ $ANS ]
    then
    echo no empty
    else
    echo empth
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:                       回车

    empth                                    说明“回车”就是空串
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    34
    no empty  
        整数条件表达式,大于,小于,shell里没有> 和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input a:"
    read a
    if  [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
    echo 3bit
    else
    echo 2bit
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    123
    3bit
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    20
    2bit  整数操作符号-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 别忘了加-

    if  test $a  ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
    if  test $a -ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    123
    3bit

      逻辑非 !   条件表达式的相反
    if [ ! 表达式 ]
    if [ ! -d $num ]    如果不存在目录$num
        逻辑与 –a      条件表达式的并列
    if [ 表达式1  –a  表达式2 ]
        逻辑或 -o      条件表达式的或
    if [ 表达式1  –o 表达式2 ]

       逻辑表达式

        表达式与前面的=  != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
        逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列
    if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]
        注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了
      最常见的赋值形式,赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测
    左边测变量是否为空,右边测目录(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

    复制代码 代码如下:

    [macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
    :
    echo "input the num:"
    read num
    echo "input is $num" if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]   如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在
    then
    JHHOME=$HOME/$num                      则赋值
    fi
    echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME" 
    -----------------------
    [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
    input the num:

    input is ppp
    JHHOME is 目录-d $HOME/$num   不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值
    [macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
    [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
    input the num:

    input is ppp
    JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp     一个-o的例子,其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题

    echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
    then
    ANS="y"
    else
    ANS="n"
    fi
    echo $ANS
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:

    y
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    no
    y
    为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)
    因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS    echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS
    if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
    then
    ANS="y"
    else
    ANS="n"
    fi
    echo $ANS
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    no

    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    yes
    y
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    y ===================以  test 条件表达式 作为if条件===================================
        if test $num -eq 0      等价于   if [ $num –eq 0 ]
        test  表达式,没有 [  ]
    if test $num -eq 0               
    then
    echo "try again"
    else
    echo "good"
    fi
        man test

    [macg@machome ~]$ man test
    [(1)                             User Commands                            [(1) SYNOPSIS
           test EXPRESSION
           [ EXPRESSION ]
           [-n] STRING
                  the length of STRING is nonzero          -n和直接$str都是非0条件
           -z STRING
                  the length of STRING is zero
           STRING1 = STRING2
                  the strings are equal
           STRING1 != STRING2
                  the strings are not equal
           INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
                  INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
           INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
                  INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
           INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
                  INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
           INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
                  INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
           INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
                  INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
           INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
                  INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
           FILE1 -nt FILE2
                  FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
           FILE1 -ot FILE2
                  FILE1 is older than FILE2
           -b FILE
                  FILE exists and is block special
           -c FILE
                  FILE exists and is character special
           -d FILE
                  FILE exists and is a directory
           -e FILE
                  FILE exists                                 文件存在
           -f FILE
                  FILE exists and is a regular file     文件存在且是普通文件
           -h FILE
                  FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
           -L FILE
                  FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
           -G FILE
                  FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
           -O FILE
                  FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
           -p FILE
                  FILE exists and is a named pipe
           -s FILE
                  FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
           -S FILE
                  FILE exists and is a socket
           -w FILE
                  FILE exists and is writable
           -x FILE
    FILE exists and is executable

      最常用的简化if语句

     && 如果是“前面”,则“后面”
     

    复制代码 代码如下:

    [ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid    检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉

      ||   如果不是“前面”,则后面
     

    复制代码 代码如下:

    [ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0    检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出 

     用简化 if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数,不合理就调用help
     

    复制代码 代码如下:

    [ -z "$1" ] && help                 如果第一个参数不存在(-z  字符串长度为0 )
    [ "$1" = "-h" ] && help                        如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help

    例子

    复制代码 代码如下:


    #!/bin/sh
    [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
    cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
    [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
    cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
    [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/baichuanhuihai/p/8107964.html
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