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  • JAVA8学习——深入浅出Lambda表达式(学习过程)


    JAVA8学习——深入浅出Lambda表达式(学习过程)

    lambda表达式:

    我们为什么要用lambda表达式

    • 在JAVA中,我们无法将函数作为参数传递给一个方法,也无法声明返回一个函数的方法。
    • 在JavaScript中,函数参数是一个函数,返回值是另一个函数的情况下非常常见的,JavaScript是一门非常典型的函数式编程语言,面向对象的语言
    //如,JS中的函数作为参数
    a.execute(callback(event){
        event...
    })
    

    Java匿名内部类实例

    后面补充一个匿名内部类的代码实例
    

    我这里Gradle的使用来构建项目

    需要自行补充对Gradle的学习
    

    Gradle完全可以使用Maven的所有能力
    Maven基于XML的配置文件,Gradle是基于编程式配置.Gradle文件

    自定义匿名内部类

    public class SwingTest {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            JFrame jFrame = new JFrame("my Frame");
            JButton jButton = new JButton("My Button");
            jButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
                @Override
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent actionEvent) {
                    System.out.println("Button Pressed");
                }
            });
            jFrame.add(jButton);
            jFrame.pack();
            jFrame.setVisible(true);
            jFrame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        }
    }
    

    改造前:

    jButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
                @Override
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent actionEvent) {
                    System.out.println("Button Pressed");
                }
            });
    

    改造后:

    jButton.addActionListener(actionEvent -> System.out.println("Button Pressed"));
    

    Lambda表达式的基本结构

    会有自动推断参数类型的功能

    (pram1,pram2,pram3)->{
        
    }
    

    函数式接口

    概念后期补(接口文档源码,注解源码)
    抽象方法,抽象接口
    1个接口里面只有一个抽象方法,可以有几个具体的方法
    
    /**
     * An informative annotation type used to indicate that an interface
     * type declaration is intended to be a <i>functional interface</i> as
     * defined by the Java Language Specification.
     *
     * Conceptually, a functional interface has exactly one abstract
     * method.  Since {@linkplain java.lang.reflect.Method#isDefault()
     * default methods} have an implementation, they are not abstract.  If
     * an interface declares an abstract method overriding one of the
     * public methods of {@code java.lang.Object}, that also does
     * <em>not</em> count toward the interface's abstract method count
     * since any implementation of the interface will have an
     * implementation from {@code java.lang.Object} or elsewhere.
     *
     * <p>Note that instances of functional interfaces can be created with
     * lambda expressions, method references, or constructor references.
     *
     * <p>If a type is annotated with this annotation type, compilers are
     * required to generate an error message unless:
     *
     * <ul>
     * <li> The type is an interface type and not an annotation type, enum, or class.
     * <li> The annotated type satisfies the requirements of a functional interface.
     * </ul>
     *
     * <p>However, the compiler will treat any interface meeting the
     * definition of a functional interface as a functional interface
     * regardless of whether or not a {@code FunctionalInterface}
     * annotation is present on the interface declaration.
     * 
     * @jls 4.3.2. The Class Object
     * @jls 9.8 Functional Interfaces
     * @jls 9.4.3 Interface Method Body
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @Documented
    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
    @Target(ElementType.TYPE)
    public @interface FunctionalInterface {}
    
    
    关于函数式接口:
    1.如何一个接口只有一个抽象方法,那么这个接口就是函数式接口
    2.如果我们在某个接口上生命了FunctionalInterface注解,那么编译器就会按照函数式接口的定义来要求该注解
    3.如果某个接口只有一个抽象方法,但我们没有给该接口生命FunctionalInterface接口,编译器也还会把该接口当做成一个函数是接口。(英文最后一段)
    

    通过对实例对函数式接口深入理解

    对
    @FunctionalInterface
    public interface MyInterface {
        void test();
    }
    
    错
    @FunctionalInterface
    public interface MyInterface {
        void test();
    
        String tostring1();
    }
    
    对 (tostring为重写Object类的方法)
    @FunctionalInterface
    public interface MyInterface {
        void test();
    
        String toString();
    }
    

    升级扩展,使用lambda表达式

    @FunctionalInterface
    interface MyInterface {
        void test();
    
        String toString();
    }
    
    public class Test2{
        public void myTest(MyInterface myInterface){
            System.out.println("1");
            myInterface.test();
            System.out.println("2");
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Test2 test2 = new Test2();
            //1.默认调用接口里面的接口函数。默认调用MyTest接口里面的test方法。
            //2.如果没有参数传入方法,那么可以直接使用()来表达,如下所示
            test2.myTest(()-> System.out.println("mytest"));
            
            MyInterface myInterface = () -> {
                System.out.println("hello");
            };
    
            System.out.println(myInterface.getClass()); //查看这个类
            System.out.println(myInterface.getClass().getSuperclass());//查看类的父类
            System.out.println(myInterface.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]);// 查看此类实现的接口
        }
    }
    

    默认方法:接口里面,从1.8开始,也可以拥有方法实现了。

    默认方法既保证了新特性的添加,又保证了老版本的兼容

    //如,Iterable 中的 forEach方法
    public interface Iterable<T> {
        default void forEach(Consumer<? super T> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
            for (T t : this) {
                action.accept(t);
            }
        }
    }
    

    ForEach方法详解

    比较重要的是行为,//action行为,而不是数据

    
    /**
         * Performs the given action for each element of the {@code Iterable}
         * until all elements have been processed or the action throws an
         * exception.  Unless otherwise specified by the implementing class,
         * actions are performed in the order of iteration (if an iteration order
         * is specified).  Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the
         * caller.
         *
         * @implSpec
         * <p>The default implementation behaves as if:
         * <pre>{@code
         *     for (T t : this)
         *         action.accept(t);
         * }</pre>
         *
         * @param action The action to be performed for each element
         * @throws NullPointerException if the specified action is null
         * @since 1.8
         */
        default void forEach(Consumer<? super T> action) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(action);
            for (T t : this) {
                action.accept(t);
            }
        }
    

    Consumer 类型详解

    名字的由来:消费,只消费,没有返回值

    /**
     * Represents an operation that accepts a single input argument and returns no
     * result. Unlike most other functional interfaces, {@code Consumer} is expected
     * to operate via side-effects.//接口本身是带有副作用的,会对传入的唯一参数进行修改
     *
     * <p>This is a <a href="package-summary.html">functional interface</a>
     * whose functional method is {@link #accept(Object)}.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the input to the operation
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @FunctionalInterface
    public interface Consumer<T> {
    
        /**
         * Performs this operation on the given argument.
         *
         * @param t the input argument
         */
        void accept(T t);
    
        /**
         * Returns a composed {@code Consumer} that performs, in sequence, this
         * operation followed by the {@code after} operation. If performing either
         * operation throws an exception, it is relayed to the caller of the
         * composed operation.  If performing this operation throws an exception,
         * the {@code after} operation will not be performed.
         *
         * @param after the operation to perform after this operation
         * @return a composed {@code Consumer} that performs in sequence this
         * operation followed by the {@code after} operation
         * @throws NullPointerException if {@code after} is null
         */
        default Consumer<T> andThen(Consumer<? super T> after) {
            Objects.requireNonNull(after);
            return (T t) -> { accept(t); after.accept(t); };
        }
    }
    

    Lambda表达式的作用

    • Lambda表达式为JAVA添加了缺失的函数式编程特性,使我们能够将函数当做一等公民看待
    • 在将函数作为一等公民的语言中,Lambda表达式的类型是函数,但是在JAVA语言中,lambda表达式是一个对象,他们必须依附于一类特别的对象类型——函数是接口(function interface)

    迭代方式(三种)

    外部迭代:(之前使用的迭代集合的方式,fori这种的)

    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
                System.out.println(list.get(i));
            }
    

    内部迭代: ForEach(完全通过集合的本身,通过函数式接口拿出来使用Customer的Accept来完成内部迭代)

    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
    list.forEach(i -> System.out.println(i));
    

    第三种方式:方法引用(method reference)

    List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8);
    list.forEach(System.out::println);
    

    之前的知识只是lambda表达式的入门,后面的学习并没有你想象的那么简单。

    解释为什么JAVA中的lambda表达式是一个对象

    //解释一下,JAVA的lambda的类型是一个对象
    public class Test3 {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            //函数式接口的实现 1.lambda方式   ()方法的参数 {}方法的实现
            TheInterface i1 = () -> {};
            System.out.println(i1.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]);
    
            TheInterface2 i2 = () -> {};
            System.out.println(i2.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]);
    
            //必须要通过上下文,来完成类型的推断。上面的lambda是推断出来的,下面这种就是有问题的。
            //() -> {};
    
    
            //通过lambda实现一个线程。     //Runnable runnable;源码里面已经更改为 函数式接口
            new Thread(()->{
                System.out.println("hello world");
            }).start();
    
    
            //传统方式,转换大写,  遍历,转换,输出
            List<String> list = Arrays.asList("hello","worild","hello world");
            list.forEach(item ->{
                System.out.println(item.toUpperCase());
            });
    
            //把list 转换成大写,放入list1 ,然后输出
            List<String> list1 = new ArrayList<>(); //diamond语法  类型推断带来的好处
            list.forEach(item -> list1.add(item.toUpperCase()));
            list1.forEach(System.out::println);
    
            //新的方式,采用流的方式去编写。 流与lambda表达式,集合,密切相关。 先体验一下流带来的便利性
    //        list.stream().map(item -> item.toUpperCase()).forEach(item-> System.out.println(item.toUpperCase()));
            list.stream().map(String::toUpperCase).forEach(System.out::println);
            
        }
    }
    
    @FunctionalInterface
    interface TheInterface{
        void myMethod();
    }
    
    @FunctionalInterface
    interface TheInterface2{
        void myMethod2();
    }
    
    
    

    简单认识一下流

    /**
         * Returns a sequential {@code Stream} with this collection as its source.
         *
         * <p>This method should be overridden when the {@link #spliterator()}
         * method cannot return a spliterator that is {@code IMMUTABLE},
         * {@code CONCURRENT}, or <em>late-binding</em>. (See {@link #spliterator()}
         * for details.)
         *
         * @implSpec
         * The default implementation creates a sequential {@code Stream} from the
         * collection's {@code Spliterator}.
         *
         * @return a sequential {@code Stream} over the elements in this collection
         * @since 1.8
         */
        default Stream<E> stream() {
            return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
        }
    
        /**
         * Returns a possibly parallel {@code Stream} with this collection as its
         * source.  It is allowable for this method to return a sequential stream.
         *
         * <p>This method should be overridden when the {@link #spliterator()}
         * method cannot return a spliterator that is {@code IMMUTABLE},
         * {@code CONCURRENT}, or <em>late-binding</em>. (See {@link #spliterator()}
         * for details.)
         *
         * @implSpec
         * The default implementation creates a parallel {@code Stream} from the
         * collection's {@code Spliterator}.
         *
         * @return a possibly parallel {@code Stream} over the elements in this
         * collection
         * @since 1.8
         */
        default Stream<E> parallelStream() {
            return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), true);
        }
    

    串行流,并行流
    中间流,节点流
    Pipeline 管道 (Linux的一种实现方式)

    流是需要有一个源头的

    Lambda表达式作用

    • 传递行为,而不仅仅是值
    • 提升抽象层次
    • API重用性更好
    • 更加灵活

    总结

    Java Lambda基本语法

    • JAVA中的lambda表达式的基础语法
      • (argument)->{ body }

    JAVA lambda结构

    • 一个lambda表达式可以有零个或者多个参数
    • 参数的类型既可以明确声明,也可以根据上下文来推断
    • 所有参数需要包含在圆括号内,参数之间用逗号相隔
    • 空圆括号代表参数集为空
    • 当只有一个参数,且其类型可推导时,圆括号()可以省略。
    • lambda表达式的主体可包含零条或多条语句
    • 如果lambda表达式的主体只有一条语句,花括号{}可以省略。匿名函数的返回类型与该主体表达式一致
    • 如果lambda表达式的主体包含一条以上语句,则表达式必须包含在花括号{}中行成代码块。匿名函数的返回类型与代码块的返回类型一致,若没有返回则为空。

    2019年12月29日00:07:05 要睡觉了。笔记后面持续更新,代码会上传到GitHub,欢迎一起学习讨论。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/bigbaby/p/12113741.html
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