準關係代名詞

準關係代名詞

as、but、than 準關係代名詞：
 
1. 功能 as, but, than原來式連接詞引導副詞子句，但省略它後面的代名詞，它本身就兼具關係代名詞的身分

2. 種類 
         (1) as：可單獨引出關係子句修飾整個主要子句，亦可與主要子句中the same、so或such相呼應
                        as 可作S, O及形容詞(adj)，修飾整句時可將關係子句搬到主要子句前
                        (此時關係子句中謂語動詞常省略...謂語動詞表主詞的動作或具有之特徵、狀態)

                        such+n.+as...(像...那樣的....)
                        the same+n.+as...(和...相同的...)
                        as+adj.+n.+as...(和...一樣的...)

                        I have the same coat as is hanging on the rack. <當主詞>
                        = I have the same coat as the coat that is hanging on the rack.
                        I have the same coat as you bought yesterday. <當受詞>
                        =I have the same coat as the coat which you bought yesterday.
                        I have the same coat as this one (is). <當補語>
                        = I have the same coat as the coat that this one is.
                        He have bought the same coat as I (have bought).  <用that時意義不同>
                        This is the same coat as I lost.  <the same...as指同樣或同類>  這是我遺失的那種外套
                        This is the same coat that I lost.  <that same...that指同一個>  這是我遺失的那一件外套

                        I don't like such a man as tells lies. <做主詞>
                        = I don't like such a man as the man who tells lies.
                        I like such a painting as you described. <當受詞>
                        = I like such a painting as the painting which you described.
                        There is not such a good student as John is. <當補語>
                        = There is not such a good student as the student  that John is. <當補語用that不用who>
                        Such a lazy boy as John (is) will get punished.
                         =Such a lazy boy as the boy that John is will get punished.

                        He is as smart a man as ever lived. <當主詞>他是有史以來最聰明的人
                        =He is as smart a man as any man that ever lived.
                        = This man is as smart as ever lived. 
                        I have as good a watch as you (do). <當受詞>
                        = I have as good a watch as the watch which you do.
                        = My watch is as good as yours.
                        He is as smart a man as John (is). <當補語>
                        = He is as smart a man as the man that John is.
                        = This man is as smart as John.

                        He is good at cook, as we all know. <修飾整句> <as, which 均可當受詞>
                        = He is good at cook, which we all know.  
                        = As we all know, he is good at cook.  <as可放句首>
                        (誤) = Which we all know, he is good at cook.  <但which不可放於句首>
                        He saw the big cake, which delighted him.
                        (誤)= He saw the bigh cake, as delighted him. <as只可做be動詞主詞>
                        He is getting well, as is good.
                        = He is getting well, which is good.
                        She is beautiful, which was mentioned before. <as+be+p.p>
                        = She is beautiful, as was mentioned before.
                        = She is beautiful, as mentioned before. <be動詞可省略>

                        **注意(1)*****************************************************************
                        so...that...如此...以致...
                        as...as...  和...一樣地...<第一個as為副詞"一樣地"，第二個as為連接詞"和">
                        too...to...  太...而不...
                        how...      多麼地...
                        以上片語若是接名詞，只可接單數...即+ a/an + 單數名詞，不可接複數及不可數名詞
                        與many, few, much, little並用則可接複數及不可數名詞

                        (X) This was so good music that I enjoyed it. (music為不可數)
                        (O) There is so much work that I can't finish it on time. (用much可接 work不可數名詞)
                        (X) They are so good teachers that we like them. (teachers為複數)
                        (O) There are so many people that we can't take a seat. (用many可接people複數名詞)
                        (X) He is a so good teacher that we like him.
                        >> He is so good a teacher that we like him.
                        >> This teacher is so good that we like him.
                        
                        (X) This is as good music as that. (music為不可數)
                        (O) I have as much money as you (do). (用much可接不可數money)
                        (X) They are as good teachers as those. (teachers為複數)
                        (O) Our school has as many teachers as yours. (用many可接teachers複數名詞)
                        (X)He is an as smart man as John.
                        >> He is as smart a man as John (is).
                        >> This man is as smart as John.
                        (O) They are as smart as those.

                        (X) This is too difficult work to do. (work為不可數)
                        (O) This is too little time to finish. (用little可接time不可數)
                        (X) They are too easy games to play. (games為複數)
                        (O) There are too few games to play. (用few可接games複數)
                        (X) He is a too young man to do it.
                        >> He is too young a man to do it.

                        (X) How beautiful girls they are! (girls為複數)
                        (O) I can't count how many girls there are. (用many可接girls複數名詞)
                        (X) How beautiful music it is! (music不可數)
                        (O) I don't know how much time we need. (用much可接time不可數名詞)
                        (X) How a beautiful girl she is!
                        >> How beautiful a girl she is!

                        **注意(2)*****************************************************************
                        such...that...
                        What...!
                        則可接任何名詞不受上述限制

                        (O) What beautiful music it is!
                        (O) What beautiful girls they are!
                        (O) What a beautiful girl she is!
                        ***************************************************************************

         (2) but：There is no...but 的句型，but本身含有否定的意思 (= that...not)，
                        主要子句需有否定字(no, not, scarcely, hardly...等)，
                        雙重否定變肯定(=every)， 但but 的語氣比every強   
                        There is no rule but has exceptions. 凡事規則 都有例外的 
                        = There is no rule that has not exceptions.
                        = Every rule has exceptions.   

                        There is no man but errs. 人都會犯錯
                        = There is no man who does not err.
                        = Every one errs.            

                        There is no one but is surprised. 大家都感到驚訝
                        = There is no one that is not surprised.
                        = Every one is surprised.

                        There is nothing but he can help. 他甚麼忙都幫
                        = There is nothing that he cannot help.
                        = He can help everthing.

                        There is no game but he likes to play. 他沒有不喜歡玩的遊戲
                        = There is no game that he doesn't like to play. 
                        = He likes to play every game.              
           
         (3) than：先行詞有比較級時使用
                        We should have more money than is needed. 我們應該要有更多的錢 <當主詞>
                        = We should have more money than the money which is needed.

                        I have more money than he needs. 我現在擁有的錢比他需要的還多<作受詞>
                        = I have more money than the money which he needs.

                        I have more money than you have.(劣)
                        >>I have more money than you do.(佳)
                        = I have more mone than you. (do可省略)

                        He is a good worker than you are.<當補語>
                        = He is a good worker than the worker that you are.<that為you are補語，所以不要用who>
                        = He is a good worker than you. <be動詞可省略>