1、DispatcherServlet 处理流程
从上一篇文章中Spring MVC原理图中我们可以看出：DispatcherServlet 在 Spring MVC框架 中处于核心位置，它负责协调和组织不同组件完成请求处理并返回响应的工作。在分析 DispatcherServlet 源码之前，我们先来看一下请求处理的大致流程：
- Tomcat 上的项目（采用了Spring MVC框架）启动，对 DispatcherServlet 进行实例化，然后调用它的 init() 方法进行初始化，在这个初始化过程中完成了：对 web.xml 中初始化参数的加载；建立 WebApplicationContext (SpringMVC的IOC容器)；进行组件的初始化；
- 用户在浏览器发出请求，由 Tomcat 接收到这个请求，如果匹配到 DispatcherServlet 在 web.xml 中配置的映射路径，Tomcat 就将请求转交给 DispatcherServlet 处理；
- DispatcherServlet 从容器中取出所有 HandlerMapping 实例（每个实例对应一个 HandlerMapping 接口的实现类）并遍历，每个 HandlerMapping 会根据请求信息，通过自己实现类中的方式去找到处理该请求的 Handler (执行程序，如Controller中的方法)，并且将这个 Handler 与一堆 HandlerInterceptor (拦截器) 封装成一个 HandlerExecutionChain 对象，一旦有一个 HandlerMapping 可以找到 Handler 则退出循环；
- DispatcherServlet 取出 HandlerAdapter 组件，根据已经找到的 Handler，再从所有 HandlerAdapter 中找到可以处理该 Handler 的 HandlerAdapter 对象；
- 执行 HandlerExecutionChain 中所有拦截器的 preHandler() 方法，然后再利用 HandlerAdapter 执行 Handler ，执行完成得到 ModelAndView，再依次调用拦截器的 postHandler() 方法；
- 利用 ViewResolver 将 ModelAndView 或是 Exception（可解析成 ModelAndView）解析成 View，然后 View 会调用 render() 方法，再根据 ModelAndView 中的数据渲染出页面；
- 最后再依次调用拦截器的 afterCompletion() 方法，这一次请求就结束了。
2、DispatcherServlet 源码分析
DispatcherServlet 继承自 HttpServlet，它遵循 Servlet 里的“init-service-destroy”三个阶段，首先我们先来看一下它的 init() 阶段。
1、初始化
1.1、HttpServletBean 的 init() 方法
首先我们来看一下DispatcherServlet的继承关系，它继承自FrameworkServlet，而FrameworkServlet又继承自HttpServletBean。
DispatcherServlet 的 init() 方法在其父类 HttpServletBean 中实现的，它覆盖了 GenericServlet 的 init() 方法，主要作用是加载 web.xml 中 DispatcherServlet 的 <init-param> 配置，并调用子类的初始化。下面是 init() 方法的具体代码：
/** * Map config parameters onto bean properties of this servlet, and * invoke subclass initialization. * @throws ServletException if bean properties are invalid (or required * properties are missing), or if subclass initialization fails. */ @Override public final void init() throws ServletException { // Set bean properties from init parameters.（ServletConfigPropertyValues 是静态内部类，它使用 ServletConfig 获取 web.xml 中配置的参数） PropertyValues pvs = new ServletConfigPropertyValues(getServletConfig(), this.requiredProperties); if (!pvs.isEmpty()) { try { // 使用 BeanWrapper 来构造 DispatcherServlet BeanWrapper bw = PropertyAccessorFactory.forBeanPropertyAccess(this); ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new ServletContextResourceLoader(getServletContext()); bw.registerCustomEditor(Resource.class, new ResourceEditor(resourceLoader, getEnvironment())); initBeanWrapper(bw); bw.setPropertyValues(pvs, true); } catch (BeansException ex) { if (logger.isErrorEnabled()) { logger.error("Failed to set bean properties on servlet '" + getServletName() + "'", ex); } throw ex; } } // Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like.（让子类实现的方法，这种在父类定义在子类实现的方式叫做模版方法模式） initServletBean(); }
如上所述，web.xml 中配置的参数是 ServletConfigPropertyValues 使用 ServletConfig 获取到的，ServletConfigPropertyValues 的代码如下所示：
/** * PropertyValues implementation created from ServletConfig init parameters. */ private static class ServletConfigPropertyValues extends MutablePropertyValues { /** * Create new ServletConfigPropertyValues. * @param config the ServletConfig we'll use to take PropertyValues from * @param requiredProperties set of property names we need, where * we can't accept default values * @throws ServletException if any required properties are missing */ public ServletConfigPropertyValues(ServletConfig config, Set<String> requiredProperties) throws ServletException { Set<String> missingProps = (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(requiredProperties) ? new HashSet<>(requiredProperties) : null); Enumeration<String> paramNames = config.getInitParameterNames(); while (paramNames.hasMoreElements()) { String property = paramNames.nextElement(); Object value = config.getInitParameter(property); addPropertyValue(new PropertyValue(property, value)); if (missingProps != null) { missingProps.remove(property); } } // Fail if we are still missing properties. if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(missingProps)) { throw new ServletException( "Initialization from ServletConfig for servlet '" + config.getServletName() + "' failed; the following required properties were missing: " + StringUtils.collectionToDelimitedString(missingProps, ", ")); } } }
1.2、FrameworkServlet 的 initServletBean() 方法
在 HttpServletBean 的 init() 方法中调用了 initServletBean() 这个方法，它是在 FrameworkServlet 类中实现的，主要作用是建立 WebApplicationContext 容器（有时也称上下文），并加载 SpringMVC 配置文件中定义的 Bean 到改容器中，最后将该容器添加到 ServletContext 中。下面是 initServletBean() 方法的具体代码：
/** * Overridden method of {@link HttpServletBean}, invoked after any bean properties * have been set. Creates this servlet's WebApplicationContext. */ @Override protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException { getServletContext().log("Initializing Spring " + getClass().getSimpleName() + " '" + getServletName() + "'"); if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) { logger.info("Initializing Servlet '" + getServletName() + "'"); } long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); try { // 初始化 WebApplicationContext (即SpringMVC的IOC容器) this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext(); initFrameworkServlet(); } catch (ServletException | RuntimeException ex) { logger.error("Context initialization failed", ex); throw ex; } if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { String value = this.enableLoggingRequestDetails ? "shown which may lead to unsafe logging of potentially sensitive data" : "masked to prevent unsafe logging of potentially sensitive data"; logger.debug("enableLoggingRequestDetails='" + this.enableLoggingRequestDetails + "': request parameters and headers will be " + value); } if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) { logger.info("Completed initialization in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) + " ms"); } }
WebApplicationContext 继承于 ApplicationContext 接口，从容器中可以获取当前应用程序环境信息，它也是 SpringMVC 的 IOC 容器。下面是 initWebApplicationContext() 方法的具体代码：
/** * Initialize and publish the WebApplicationContext for this servlet. * <p>Delegates to {@link #createWebApplicationContext} for actual creation * of the context. Can be overridden in subclasses. * @return the WebApplicationContext instance * @see #FrameworkServlet(WebApplicationContext) * @see #setContextClass * @see #setContextConfigLocation */ protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() { // 获取 ContextLoaderListener 初始化并注册在 ServletContext 中的根容器，即 Spring 的容器 WebApplicationContext rootContext = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext()); WebApplicationContext wac = null; if (this.webApplicationContext != null) { // A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it（因为 WebApplicationContext 不为空，说明该类在构造时已经将其注入，可以直接使用它） wac = this.webApplicationContext; if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) { ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac; if (!cwac.isActive()) { // The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as // setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc if (cwac.getParent() == null) { // The context instance was injected without an explicit parent -> set // the root application context (if any; may be null) as the parent（将 Spring 的容器设为 SpringMVC 容器的父容器） cwac.setParent(rootContext); } configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac); } } } if (wac == null) { // No context instance was injected at construction time -> see if one // has been registered in the servlet context. If one exists, it is assumed // that the parent context (if any) has already been set and that the // user has performed any initialization such as setting the context id（如果 WebApplicationContext 为空，则进行查找，能找到说明上下文已经在别处初始化。） wac = findWebApplicationContext(); } if (wac == null) { // No context instance is defined for this servlet -> create a local one（如果 WebApplicationContext 仍为空，则以 Spring 的容器为父上下文建立一个新的。） wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext); } if (!this.refreshEventReceived) { // Either the context is not a ConfigurableApplicationContext with refresh // support or the context injected at construction time had already been // refreshed -> trigger initial onRefresh manually here. synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) { // 模版方法，由 DispatcherServlet 实现 onRefresh(wac); } } if (this.publishContext) { // Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.（发布这个 WebApplicationContext 容器到 ServletContext 中） String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName(); getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac); } return wac; }
下面是查找 WebApplicationContext 的 findWebApplicationContext() 方法代码：
/** * Retrieve a {@code WebApplicationContext} from the {@code ServletContext} * attribute with the {@link #setContextAttribute configured name}. The * {@code WebApplicationContext} must have already been loaded and stored in the * {@code ServletContext} before this servlet gets initialized (or invoked). * <p>Subclasses may override this method to provide a different * {@code WebApplicationContext} retrieval strategy. * @return the WebApplicationContext for this servlet, or {@code null} if not found * @see #getContextAttribute() */ @Nullable protected WebApplicationContext findWebApplicationContext() { String attrName = getContextAttribute(); if (attrName == null) { return null; } // 从 ServletContext 中查找已经发布的 WebApplicationContext 容器 WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext(), attrName); if (wac == null) { throw new IllegalStateException("No WebApplicationContext found: initializer not registered?"); } return wac; }
1.3、DispatcherServlet 的 onRefresh() 方法
建立好 WebApplicationContext(上下文) 后，通过 onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) 方法回调，进入 DispatcherServlet 类中。onRefresh() 方法，提供 SpringMVC 的初始化，具体代码如下：
/** * This implementation calls {@link #initStrategies}. */ @Override protected void onRefresh(ApplicationContext context) { initStrategies(context); } /** * Initialize the strategy objects that this servlet uses. * <p>May be overridden in subclasses in order to initialize further strategy objects. */ protected void initStrategies(ApplicationContext context) { initMultipartResolver(context); initLocaleResolver(context); initThemeResolver(context); initHandlerMappings(context); initHandlerAdapters(context); initHandlerExceptionResolvers(context); initRequestToViewNameTranslator(context); initViewResolvers(context); initFlashMapManager(context); }
在 initStrategies() 方法中进行了各个组件的初始化，先来看一下这些组件的初始化方法，稍后再来详细分析这些组件。
1.3.1、initHandlerMappings 方法
initHandlerMappings() 方法从 SpringMVC 的容器及 Spring 的容器中查找所有的 HandlerMapping 实例，并把它们放入到 handlerMappings 这个 list 中。这个方法并不是对 HandlerMapping 实例的创建，HandlerMapping 实例是在上面 WebApplicationContext 容器初始化，即 SpringMVC 容器初始化的时候创建的。
/** * Initialize the HandlerMappings used by this class. * <p>If no HandlerMapping beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping. */ private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) { this.handlerMappings = null; if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) { // Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts.(从 SpringMVC 的 IOC 容器及 Spring 的 IOC 容器中查找 HandlerMapping 实例) Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order.（按一定顺序放置 HandlerMapping 对象） AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings); } } else { try { HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class); this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later. } } // Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering // a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found.（如果没有找到 HandlerMapping，则加载默认的） if (this.handlerMappings == null) { this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class); if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace("No HandlerMappings declared for servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default strategies from DispatcherServlet.properties"); } } }
1.3.2、initHandlerAdapters 方法
/** * Initialize the HandlerAdapters used by this class. * <p>If no HandlerAdapter beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace, * we default to SimpleControllerHandlerAdapter. */ private void initHandlerAdapters(ApplicationContext context) { this.handlerAdapters = null; if (this.detectAllHandlerAdapters) { // Find all HandlerAdapters in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts.(从 SpringMVC 的 IOC 容器及 Spring 的 IOC 容器中查找 HandlerAdapters 实例) Map<String, HandlerAdapter> matchingBeans = BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerAdapter.class, true, false); if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) { this.handlerAdapters = new ArrayList<>(matchingBeans.values()); // We keep HandlerAdapters in sorted order.（按一定顺序放置 HandlerAdapters 对象） AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerAdapters); } } else { try { HandlerAdapter ha = context.getBean(HANDLER_ADAPTER_BEAN_NAME, HandlerAdapter.class); this.handlerAdapters = Collections.singletonList(ha); } catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) { // Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerAdapter later. } } // Ensure we have at least some HandlerAdapters, by registering // default HandlerAdapters if no other adapters are found.（如果没有找到 HandlerAdapters，则加载默认的） if (this.handlerAdapters == null) { this.handlerAdapters = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerAdapter.class); if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) { logger.trace("No HandlerAdapters declared for servlet '" + getServletName() + "': using default strategies from DispatcherServlet.properties"); } } }
2、处理请求
HttpServlet 提供了 doGet()、doPost() 等方法，DispatcherServlet 中这些方法是在其父类 FrameworkServlet 中实现的，代码如下：
/** * Delegate GET requests to processRequest/doService. * <p>Will also be invoked by HttpServlet's default implementation of {@code doHead}, * with a {@code NoBodyResponse} that just captures the content length. * @see #doService * @see #doHead */ @Override protected final void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { processRequest(request, response); } /** * Delegate POST requests to {@link #processRequest}. * @see #doService */ @Override protected final void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { processRequest(request, response); }
这些方法又都调用了 processRequest() 方法，我们来看一下它的代码：
/** * Process this request, publishing an event regardless of the outcome. * <p>The actual event handling is performed by the abstract * {@link #doService} template method. */ protected final void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis(); Throwable failureCause = null; // 返回与当前线程相关联的 LocaleContext LocaleContext previousLocaleContext = LocaleContextHolder.getLocaleContext(); // 根据请求构建 LocaleContext，公开请求的语言环境为当前语言环境 LocaleContext localeContext = buildLocaleContext(request); // 返回当前绑定到线程的 RequestAttributes RequestAttributes previousAttributes = RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes(); // 根据请求构建ServletRequestAttributes ServletRequestAttributes requestAttributes = buildRequestAttributes(request, response, previousAttributes); // 获取当前请求的 WebAsyncManager，如果没有找到则创建 WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request); asyncManager.registerCallableInterceptor(FrameworkServlet.class.getName(), new RequestBindingInterceptor()); // 使 LocaleContext 和 requestAttributes 关联 initContextHolders(request, localeContext, requestAttributes); try { // 由 DispatcherServlet 实现 doService(request, response); } catch (ServletException | IOException ex) { failureCause = ex; throw ex; } catch (Throwable ex) { failureCause = ex; throw new NestedServletException("Request processing failed", ex); } finally { // 重置 LocaleContext 和 requestAttributes，解除关联 resetContextHolders(request, previousLocaleContext, previousAttributes); if (requestAttributes != null) { requestAttributes.requestCompleted(); } logResult(request, response, failureCause, asyncManager); // 发布 ServletRequestHandlerEvent 事件 publishRequestHandledEvent(request, response, startTime, failureCause); } }
DispatcherServlet 的 doService() 方法主要是设置一些 request 属性，并调用 doDispatch() 方法进行请求分发处理，doDispatch() 方法的主要过程是通过 HandlerMapping 获取 Handler，再找到用于执行它的 HandlerAdapter，执行 Handler 后得到 ModelAndView ，ModelAndView 是连接“业务逻辑层”与“视图展示层”的桥梁，接下来就要通过 ModelAndView 获得 View，再通过它的 Model 对 View 进行渲染。doDispatch() 方法如下：
/** * Process the actual dispatching to the handler. * <p>The handler will be obtained by applying the servlet's HandlerMappings in order. * The HandlerAdapter will be obtained by querying the servlet's installed HandlerAdapters * to find the first that supports the handler class. * <p>All HTTP methods are handled by this method. It's up to HandlerAdapters or handlers * themselves to decide which methods are acceptable. * @param request current HTTP request * @param response current HTTP response * @throws Exception in case of any kind of processing failure */ protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request; HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null; boolean multipartRequestParsed = false; // 获取当前请求的WebAsyncManager，如果没找到则创建并与请求关联 WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request); try { ModelAndView mv = null; Exception dispatchException = null; try { // 检查是否有 Multipart，有则将请求转换为 Multipart 请求 processedRequest = checkMultipart(request); multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request); // Determine handler for the current request.（遍历所有的 HandlerMapping 找到与请求对应的 Handler，并将其与一堆拦截器封装到 HandlerExecution 对象中。） mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest); if (mappedHandler == null) { noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response); return; } // Determine handler adapter for the current request.（遍历所有的 HandlerAdapter，找到可以处理该 Handler 的 HandlerAdapter） HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler()); // Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.（处理 last-modified 请求头） String method = request.getMethod(); boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method); if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) { long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler()); if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) { return; } } // 遍历拦截器，执行它们的 preHandle() 方法 if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) { return; } // Actually invoke the handler.（执行实际的处理程序） mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler()); if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { return; } applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv); // 遍历拦截器，执行它们的 postHandle() 方法 mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv); } catch (Exception ex) { dispatchException = ex; } catch (Throwable err) { // As of 4.3, we're processing Errors thrown from handler methods as well, // making them available for @ExceptionHandler methods and other scenarios. dispatchException = new NestedServletException("Handler dispatch failed", err); } // 处理执行结果，是一个 ModelAndView 或 Exception，然后进行渲染 processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException); } catch (Exception ex) { triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex); } catch (Throwable err) { triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, new NestedServletException("Handler processing failed", err)); } finally { if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { // Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion if (mappedHandler != null) { // 遍历拦截器，执行它们的 afterCompletion() 方法 mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response); } } else { // Clean up any resources used by a multipart request. if (multipartRequestParsed) { cleanupMultipart(processedRequest); } } } }