【Docker学习之三】Docker查找拉取镜像、启动容器、容器使用

环境
　　docker-ce-19.03.1-3.el7.x86_64
　　CentOS 7

一、查找、拉取镜像、启动容器
1、查找镜像-docker search
默认查找Docker Hub上的镜像,举例：Docker安装nginx

[root@node105 ~]# docker search nginx
NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
nginx                             Official build of Nginx.                        11866               [OK]                
jwilder/nginx-proxy               Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   1641                                    [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm           Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   736                                     [OK]
linuxserver/nginx                 An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   73                                      
bitnami/nginx                     Bitnami nginx Docker Image                      70                                      [OK]
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp               Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…   51                                      [OK]
nginxdemos/hello                  NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…   24                                      [OK]
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager          Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…   23                                      
nginx/nginx-ingress               NGINX Ingress Controller for Kubernetes         20                                      
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager       Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager        20                                      [OK]
schmunk42/nginx-redirect          A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…   17                                      [OK]
crunchgeek/nginx-pagespeed        Nginx with PageSpeed + GEO IP + VTS + more_s…   13                                      
blacklabelops/nginx               Dockerized Nginx Reverse Proxy Server.          12                                      [OK]
centos/nginx-18-centos7           Platform for running nginx 1.8 or building n…   11                                      
centos/nginx-112-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.12 or building …   10                                      
nginxinc/nginx-unprivileged       Unprivileged NGINX Dockerfiles                  9                                       
nginx/nginx-prometheus-exporter   NGINX Prometheus Exporter                       5                                       
sophos/nginx-vts-exporter         Simple server that scrapes Nginx vts stats a…   5                                       [OK]
1science/nginx                    Nginx Docker images that include Consul Temp…   5                                       [OK]
mailu/nginx                       Mailu nginx frontend                            3                                       [OK]
pebbletech/nginx-proxy            nginx-proxy sets up a container running ngin…   2                                       [OK]
travix/nginx                      NGinx reverse proxy                             2                                       [OK]
centos/nginx-110-centos7          Platform for running nginx 1.10 or building …   0                                       
wodby/nginx                       Generic nginx                                   0                                       [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/nginx-apb   An APB to deploy NGINX                          0                                       [OK]
[root@node105 ~]#

2、拉取镜像-docker pull

[root@node105 ~]# docker pull nginx
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/nginx
1ab2bdfe9778: Pull complete 
a17e64cfe253: Pull complete 
e1288088c7a8: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:53ddb41e46de3d63376579acf46f9a41a8d7de33645db47a486de9769201fec9
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:latest
docker.io/library/nginx:latest
[root@node105 ~]#

3、列出本地镜像-docker images
下载完成后，在本地镜像列表里查到 REPOSITORY 为 nginx 的镜像

[root@node105 ~]# docker images nginx
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx latest 5a3221f0137b 9 days ago 126MB
[root@node105 ~]#

4、根据镜像启动一个Nginx容器实例-docker run 

[root@node105 ~]# docker run --name nginx-test -d -p 8081:80 nginx
db8b3e2f1c647bc2589f04c3984374625455434449ee01e37f0b21163362b052

执行成功返回一行字符串，表示容器ID

--name 为容器设置一个名字

-d 后台运行
-p 端口进行映射，将本地8081端口映射到容器内部的80端口(:左侧是本地端口 右侧是容器内端口)
-P 容器内部端口随机映射到主机的高端口

另外：docker create创建容器但不启动

eg:

按镜像java创建容器myjava3

$ docker create --name myjava3  -it java /bin/bash

启动myjava3

$ docker start myjava3

以交互方式连接myjava3容器 然后执行/bin/bash

$ docker exec -it 容器ID /bin/bash

5、查看容器运行情况-docker ps

[root@node105 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
db8b3e2f1c64 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes 0.0.0.0:8081->80/tcp nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]#

6、查看网络端口-docker port

[root@node105 ~]# docker port nginx-test-web
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8082
[root@node105 ~]#

6、查看网络端口-docker port

[root@node105 ~]# docker port nginx-test-web
80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:8082
[root@node105 ~]#

7、查看应用程序容器的进程-docker top

[root@node105 www]# docker top nginx-test-web
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
root 16451 16435 0 10:20 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off;
101 16482 16451 0 10:20 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process

8、查看应用程序日志-docker logs

[root@node105 www]# docker logs -f nginx-test-web

9、检查应用程序-docker inspect 返回一个 JSON 文件记录着 Docker 容器的配置和状态信息

[root@node105 ~]# docker inspect nginx-test-web
[
    {
        "Id": "398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140",
        "Created": "2019-08-25T02:20:55.894180986Z",
        "Path": "nginx",
        "Args": [
            "-g",
            "daemon off;"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "running",
            "Running": true,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 16451,
            "ExitCode": 0,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2019-08-25T02:20:56.331564845Z",
            "FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5a3221f0137beb960c34b9cf4455424b6210160fd618c5e79401a07d6e5a2ced",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140/398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140-json.log",
        "Name": "/nginx-test-web",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": [
                "/root/nginx/www:/usr/share/nginx/html",
                "/root/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf",
                "/root/nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx"
            ],
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {
                "80/tcp": [
                    {
                        "HostIp": "",
                        "HostPort": "8082"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "Capabilities": null,
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "ConsoleSize": [
                0,
                0
            ],
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "KernelMemory": 0,
            "KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": false,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ec3f5e1f9af11fe6b069a8deaebd664e1ffbea953e44296c99915a9b985cd197-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c4db9bb89c2305db1a0e7cf606393ae448936abe940f6718c49b676a39bfd960/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/379e82acb36eb864e2ec8dc5df0bbce1faaac0d124b4d0f573474465713898d5/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/3689b1b87fe3ce1d82df9b91396f9b6f40db29310589016185d9c1f9b118a082/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ec3f5e1f9af11fe6b069a8deaebd664e1ffbea953e44296c99915a9b985cd197/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ec3f5e1f9af11fe6b069a8deaebd664e1ffbea953e44296c99915a9b985cd197/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/ec3f5e1f9af11fe6b069a8deaebd664e1ffbea953e44296c99915a9b985cd197/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [
            {
                "Type": "bind",
                "Source": "/root/nginx/www",
                "Destination": "/usr/share/nginx/html",
                "Mode": "",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": "rprivate"
            },
            {
                "Type": "bind",
                "Source": "/root/nginx/conf/nginx.conf",
                "Destination": "/etc/nginx/nginx.conf",
                "Mode": "",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": "rprivate"
            },
            {
                "Type": "bind",
                "Source": "/root/nginx/logs",
                "Destination": "/var/log/nginx",
                "Mode": "",
                "RW": true,
                "Propagation": "rprivate"
            }
        ],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "398ec11f39b4",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.17.3",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.3.5",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~buster"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "nginx",
                "-g",
                "daemon off;"
            ],
            "Image": "nginx",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGTERM"
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "b0edc9c3923fb5aa35c6809212b5d4ac5732344bbf05b94aa45dc9b10312f35d",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {
                "80/tcp": [
                    {
                        "HostIp": "0.0.0.0",
                        "HostPort": "8082"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/b0edc9c3923f",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "dd1bdd3627df73ffbafe6743e59a02a52c9476f4849be086f95933e644df61bb",
            "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "172.17.0.3",
            "IPPrefixLen": 16,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "888aa5a2f0c6e980f85c259b7833c883f358a0a0db907e1d2f4459cffee7d551",
                    "EndpointID": "dd1bdd3627df73ffbafe6743e59a02a52c9476f4849be086f95933e644df61bb",
                    "Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
                    "IPAddress": "172.17.0.3",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 16,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:03",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

10、关闭容器-docker stop

[root@node105 ~]# docker stop nginx-test
nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND             CREATED             STATUS              PORTS               NAMES
[root@node105 ~]# 

11、启动容器-docker start

[root@node105 ~]# docker start nginx-test
nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
db8b3e2f1c64        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   16 minutes ago      Up 4 seconds        0.0.0.0:8081->80/tcp   nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]#

12、重启容器

[root@node105 ~]# docker restart nginx-test
nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]# docker kill -s HUP nginx-test
nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                  NAMES
db8b3e2f1c64        nginx               "nginx -g 'daemon of…"   18 minutes ago      Up 25 seconds       0.0.0.0:8081->80/tcp   nginx-test
[root@node105 ~]# 

-s HUP 向容器发送HUP信号，表示重新加载

13、移除应用容器，容器必须是关闭的

[root@node105 ~]# docker rm nginx-test-web
nginx-test-web

二、容器使用

举例：nginx部署
1、将容器内文件拷贝出来

[root@node105 nginx]# docker cp db8b3e2f1c64:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf ~/nginx/conf

2、在本机新建部署nginx目录

[root@node105 ~]# mkdir -p ~/nginx/www ~/nginx/logs ~/nginx/conf
[root@node105 ~]# ll
total 4
-rw-------. 1 root root 1779 Aug 15 14:39 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 41 Aug 25 10:16 nginx

www: 目录将映射为nginx容器配置的虚拟目录。

logs: 目录将映射为nginx容器的日志目录。
conf: 目录里的配置文件将映射为nginx容器的配置文件。

3、部署命令

[root@node105 ~]# docker run -d -p 8082:80 --name nginx-test-web -v ~/nginx/www:/usr/share/nginx/html -v ~/nginx/conf/nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf -v ~/nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx nginx
398ec11f39b47674e99f4e2b774e5e28db9a2c2797f26433362936427c98b140
[root@node105 ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
398ec11f39b4 nginx "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 22 seconds ago Up 20 seconds 0.0.0.0:8082->80/tcp nginx-test-web
[root@node105 ~]#

-v 将冒号左侧本机目录挂载到冒号右侧容器的目录，创建映射。

4、测试
进入 ~/nginx/www 目录，创建 index.html 文件，内容如下：

[root@node105 ~]# cd ./nginx/www
[root@node105 www]# vi index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>docker nginx部署测试</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>我的第一个标题</h1>
<p>我的第一个段落。</p>
</body>
</html>

参考：
CentOS Docker 安装
https://www.runoob.com/docker/centos-docker-install.html
Windows Docker 安装
https://www.runoob.com/docker/windows-docker-install.html
Docker 命令大全
https://www.runoob.com/docker/docker-command-manual.html
Docker 资源汇总
https://www.runoob.com/docker/docker-resources.html