zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • Linux用户配置sudo权限(visudo)

    sudo的工作过程如下:

    1,当用户执行sudo时,系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件,判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限

    2,确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后,让用户输入用户自己的密码确认

    3,若密码输入成功,则开始执行sudo后续的命令

    4,root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)

    5,若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同,也不需要输入密码

    visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出时,visudo会检查内部语法,避免用户输入错误信息

    visudo需要root权限

    [hear@hear ~]$ visudo
    visudo: /etc/sudoers: Permission denied   # 权限不够
    visudo: /etc/sudoers: Permission denied
    [hear@hear ~]$ 
    

     再root用户使用visudo命令打开sudo配置文件

    ## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
    ## the root user, without needing the root password.
    ## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令,而不需要root用户的密码
    ##
    ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
    ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
    ## users or groups.
    ## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择,这些示例都可以被特定用户或
    ## 用户组所使用 
    ##
    ## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
    ## 该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑
     
    ## Host Aliases
    ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using 
    ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
    ## 对于一组服务器,你可能会更喜欢使用主机名(可能是全域名的通配符)
    ## 、或IP地址,这时可以配置主机别名
    # Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
    # Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
     
    ## User Aliases
    ## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
    ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname 
    ## rather than USERALIAS
    ## 这并不很常用,因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名
    # User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
     
    ## Command Aliases
    ## These are groups of related commands...
    ## 指定一系列相互关联的命令(当然可以是一个)的别名,通过赋予该别名sudo权限,
    ## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令,下面是一些示例
     
    ## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient
    , /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig
    , /sbin/mii-tool
     
    ## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
     
    ## Services 服务相关命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig
     
    ## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
     
    ## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe
    , /bin/mount, /bin/umount
     
    ## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp 
     
    ## Processes 进程相关命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall
     
    ## Drivers 驱动命令别名
    # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
     
    # Defaults specification
     
    #
    # Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear. 
    #         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
    # 一些环境变量的相关配置,具体情况可见man soduers
    Defaults    requiretty
     
    Defaults    env_reset
    Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
    Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
    Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
    Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
    Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"
     
    Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
     
    ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on 
    ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
    ## systems).
    ## 下面是规则配置:什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享)
    ## Syntax(语法):
    ##
    ## 	user	MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=(可以变换的身份) 可以执行的命令
    ##
    ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
    ## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项
    ##
    ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere 
    ## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令
    root	ALL=(ALL) 	ALL
     
    ## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software, 
    ## service management apps and more.
    ## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令
    # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE
    , DRIVERS
     
    ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
    ## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令
    %wheel	ALL=(ALL)	ALL
     
    ## Same thing without a password
    ## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令
    # %wheel	ALL=(ALL)	NOPASSWD: ALL
     
    ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the 
    ## cdrom as root
    ## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
    # %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
     
    ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
    ## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器
    # %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
     
    ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
    ## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件(此处的#不意味着这是一个声明)
    #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
    

      

  • 相关阅读:
    12.链式法则
    11.感知机
    10.1激活函数及其梯度(softmax求梯度)
    10.损失函数及其梯度(均方差梯度[使用线性函数y=w*x+b作为激活函数])
    9:常见函数以及激活函数的梯度
    8:梯度
    小程序 scroll-view
    小程序swiper
    view 标签
    微信小程序 tab选项卡
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/caodneg7/p/11550833.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看