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  • nginx配置文件的基础优化

    nginx配置文件的基础优化

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    nginx配置文件的基础优化

    1. nginx配置文件简化

    在生产环境当中,nginx的配置文件肯定很多行,可能上百行,如果贸然改的话可能会引起配置文件语法错误,当然是哪里需要改哪里,最好是简单添加就好了,这样不会改变根本的配置文件,这样不会导致配置文件错误,我们可以采用include功能包含,当然改完以后reload之前要先测试一下语法是不是OK的,这样的话reload nginx才不会报错,如果报错了网站宕机,你在匆忙改配置文件,至少要几分钟,这样网站就会宕机几分钟,造成的损失无法估量,如:

    [root@maiyat conf]# cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.20180706
    [root@maiyat conf]# vi nginx.conf                    
          1 worker_processes  1;
          2 events {
          3     worker_connections  1024;
          4 }
          5 http {
          6     include       mime.types;
          7     default_type  application/octet-stream;
          8     sendfile        on;
          9     keepalive_timeout  65;
         10     include vhosts/*;
         11 }       
    	 [root@maiyat conf]# mkdir -p vhosts
    	 [root@maiyat conf]# sed -n '10,17p' nginx.conf.20180706 
        server {
            listen       80;
            server_name  www.maiyat.com;
            location / {
                root   html/www;
                index  index.html index.htm;
            }
    }
    [root@maiyat conf]# sed -n '10,17p' nginx.conf.20180706 > /application/nginx/conf/vhosts/www.conf
    [root@maiyat conf]# sed -n '18,25p' nginx.conf.20180706 > /application/nginx/conf/vhosts/bbs.conf
    [root@maiyat conf]# sed -n '26,33p' nginx.conf.20180706  > /application/nginx/conf/vhosts/blog.conf
    [root@maiyat conf]# cd ../sbin/
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl www.maiyat.com
    hello world
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl bbs.maiyat.com
    hello oldboy
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl blog.maiyat.com
    happy comeon maiyat.com !

    这样每个虚拟主机的配置文件就会变成一个一个单独的配置文件,需要改哪里就可以直接改哪里,需要增加就直接增加一个即可。其中include支持* 匹配所有的配置文件,也可以单独增加一行一行的,如下所示:

    include vhosts/www.conf;
    include vhosts/bbs.conf;
    include vhosts/blog.conf;

    2. 虚拟主机别名配置

    如果访问一个网站,用户输入 www.maiyat.com 可以访问,输入maiyat.com也可以访问,那这样就需要用到虚拟主机别名,或者用到rewrite 301跳转的配置思路,但是最好还是用别名,别名只有一次请求就可以达成,rewrite 301跳转需要2次请求才能完成。那虚拟主机别名怎么配置呢,直接在虚拟机server_name www.maiyat.com; 后增加别名即可,假设www.maiyat.com 的别名为w.maiyat.com,bbs.maiyat.com别名为s.maiyat.comblog.maiyat.com的别名为g.maiyat.com,如:

    [root@maiyat vhosts]# sed -i 's# bbs(.*);$# bbs1 s1;#g' bbs.con
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# sed -i 's# www(.*);$# www1 w1;#g' www.conf          
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# sed -i 's# bbs(.*);$# bbs1 s1;#g' bbs.conf 
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# grep "server_name" www.conf
            server_name  www.maiyat.com w.maiyat.com;
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# grep "server_name" bbs.conf            server_name  bbs.maiyat.com s.maiyat.com;
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# grep "server_name" blog.conf
            server_name  blog.maiyat.com g.maiyat.com;
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -s reload                  [root@maiyat sbin]#
    [root@maiyat sbin]# cat /etc/hosts
    127.0.0.1       maiyat  www.maiyat.com  bbs.maiyat.com  blog.maiyat.com w.maiyat.com s.maiyat.com g.maiyat.com
    192.168.50.2    maiyat  www.maiyat.com  bbs.maiyat.com  blog.maiyat.com w.maiyat.com s.maiyat.com g.maiyat.com
    192.168.211.128 maiyat
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl w.maiyat.com
    hello world
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl s.maiyat.com
    hello oldboy
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl g.maiyat.com
    happy comeon maiyat.com !

    3. nginx状态信息配置

    nginx软件功能模块中有一个ngx_http_stub_status,它能记录nginx的基本访问状态信息,如果要nginx支持此功能则必须在编译的时候激活此功能。当配置nginx的状态信息,这样在浏览器输入status.maiyat.com,就会反馈当前server的连接状态信息,状态信息配置如同配置一个虚拟主机差不多,如:

    [root@maiyat vhosts]# cat blog.conf > status.conf
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# vi status.conf
    server {
            listen       80;
            server_name  status.maiyat.com;
            location / {
              stub_status on;
              access_log  off;
            }
        }
    "/application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/vhosts/status.conf" 8L, 170C written
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -s reload
    [root@maiyat sbin]# 
    [root@maiyat sbin]# vi /etc/hosts
    #127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
    ::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
    127.0.0.1       maiyat  www.maiyat.com  bbs.maiyat.com  blog.maiyat.com w.maiyat.com s.maiyat.com g.maiyat.com  status.maiyat.com
    192.168.50.2    maiyat  www.maiyat.com  bbs.maiyat.com  blog.maiyat.com w.maiyat.com s.maiyat.com g.maiyat.com  status.maiyat.com
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl status.maiyat.com
    Active connections: 1 
    server accepts handled requests
     13 13 13 
    Reading: 0 Writing: 1 Waiting: 0 

    其中状态信息配置和虚拟主机配置的区别在于,在 server_name标签里改为status.maiyat.com,在location / {,下面把虚拟主机目录和网页格式去掉,然后加上stub_status on;
    access_log off;
    curl status.maiyat.com反馈的信息解释如下:

    1. Active connections: 1 的意思是nginx正在处理的活动连接数为1个。
    2. 第一个server表示nginx启动到现在共处理了13个连接。
    3. 第二个accepts表示nginx启动到现在共创建了13次握手,请求丢失数=握手数-连接数,这里可以看出有没有丢失的请求。
    4. 第三个handled requests 表示总共处理了13次请求。
    5. Reading:nginx 读取到客户端的Header 信息数。
    6. Writing :nginx返回给客户端的Header信息数。
    7. Waiting:nginx 已经处理完正在等候下一次请求指令的驻留连接,开启keep-alive 的情况下,这个值等于active -(Reading+Writing )

    4.0 nginx的错误日志介绍

    nginx的错误信息是调试nginx服务的重要手段,属于核心功能模块(ngx_core_module的参数,该参数的名字为error_log,可以放在Main区块中全局配置,也可以放置在不同的虚拟主机中单独记录虚拟主机的错误信息。
    error_log的语法格式及参数语法说明如下:
    error_log file level; error_log为关键字,不能更改,file为日志文件,level为错误日志级别。
    错误级别常见的有[debug |info | notice | warn |error| crit | alert |emerg] ,级别越高,记录的信息越少,一般最好是
    warn|error|crit这三个级别之一,不要配置info等较低级别,会带来额外的磁盘I/O消耗。
    error_log的默认值为:
    #default: error_log logs/error.log error
    可以放在的标签段为:
    main,http,server,location,如:

    [root@maiyat conf]# vi nginx.conf
    worker_processes  1;
    error_log logs/error.log error
    events {
        worker_connections  1024;
    }
    放在main区,全局生效,
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# vim bbs.conf 
            server {
            error_log html/bbs/error.log error
            listen       80;
     放在server下是对单个虚拟主机拥有独立的错误日志工具。
     [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -s reload
    [root@maiyat sbin]# cd ../html/
    [root@maiyat html]# ls
    50x.html.bak  bbs  blog  index.html  index.html.bak  www
    [root@maiyat html]# cd bbs
    [root@maiyat bbs]# ls
    error.log  index.html
    [root@maiyat bbs]# cat error.log

    5.0 用户的访问日志

    5.1 nginx 软件会把每个用户访问网站的日志信息记录到指定的日志文件里,供网站提供分析用户浏览行为等,
    此功能由ngx_http_log_module模块负责。
    5.2 nginx访问日志主要由log_format(用来定义记录日志的格式和access_log(用来指定日志文件的路径及使用的何种日志格式记录日志)参数来控制
    默认的访问日志格式为:

     [root@maiyat conf]# sed -n '21,23p' nginx.conf.default |sed 's@#@@g'
        log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                          '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                          '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    通常放在主配置文件里的http区块里面,server标签上面,
    5.3 nginx日志变量说明:

    1. $remote_addr 记录访问网站的客户端地址
    2. $http_x_forwarded_for 当前端有代理服务器时,设置web节点客户端地址的配置,
      此参数前提是服务器上也要进行相关的x_forwarded_for设置
    3. $remote_user 远程客户端用户名称
    4. $time_local 记录访问时间与时区
    5. $request 用户的http请求起始行信息
    6. $status http状态码,记录请求返回的状态
    7. $body_bytes_sent 服务器发给客户端相应body字节数
    8. $http_referer 记录此次请求是从哪个链接访问过来的,可以根据referer进行防盗链 设置
    9. $http_user_agent 记录客户端访问信息,如浏览器,手机客户端等。

    5.4 访问日志的配置

    1. access_log off; 这里的off,表示不记录访问日志。
      默认配置:access_log logs/access,log combined
      放置位置: http,server,location,if in location, limit_except
      虚拟主机的访问日志最好放在单独的各个虚拟主机当中,这样各个的日志不会在一起,比较容易做统计,如:
    [root@maiyat vhosts]# vi www.conf 
       server {
           listen       80;
           server_name  www.maiyat.com w.maiyat.com;
           location / {
               root   html/www;
               index  index.html index.htm;
           }
            access_log logs/access_www.log main;
    }
                            

    5.5 完成上述步骤后,把nginx重启一下,然后在客户端访问网址,然后我们再在access_log里看结果,如:

    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -s reload
    nginx: [error] invalid PID number "" in "/application/nginx-1.6.3/logs/nginx.pid"
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx 
    [root@maiyat ~]# curl www.maiyat.com
    [root@maiyat logs]# tail -1 access_www.log 
    127.0.0.1 - - [01/Jul/2018:04:17:22 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 12 "-" "curl/7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.19.7 NSS/3.27.1 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.4.2" "-

    5.6 因为access一个劲的写日志,因此在高并发的情况下,我们可以在记录日志的参数中加上buffer和flush,这样可以提升网站的性能,增加的选项命令如下:

    access_log path [format [buffer=size [flush=time]] [if=condition]];
    access_log path format gzip [=level] [buffer=size] [flush=time] [if=condition];
    access_log syslog:server=address[,parameter=value] [format [if=condition]];
    如果选择不记log则可以关闭
    access_log off;

    例如以下优化,仅作为参考

    access_log logs/access_www.log main gzip(使用压缩) buffer=32k(使用buffer) flush=5s(刷新时间为5秒);

    5.7 如果access日志一直写,那一个月以后这个文件可能成为了一个文件,对于以后查询分析不利,因此我们要想着轮询,按天轮询定时将access.log按天保存日志,我们可以做一个简单脚本,来实现,如:

    [root@maiyat script]# vim cut-nginx-accesslog.sh     
    #!/bin/bash
    Dateformat=`date +%F -d -1day`
    Basedir="/application/nginx"
    Nginxlogdir="$Basedir/logs"
    Lognamew="access_www"
    Lognameb="access_bbs"
    Lognameg="access_blog"
    [ -d $Nginxlogdir ] && cd $Nginxlogdir || exit 1
    [ -f ${Lognamew}.log ] || exit 2
    /bin/mv ${Lognamew}.log ${Dateformat}_${Lognamew}.log
    [ -f ${Lognameb}.log ] || exit 3
    /bin/mv ${Lognameb}.log ${Dateformat}_${Lognameb}.log
    [ -f ${Lognameg}.log ] || exit 4
    /bin/mv ${Lognameg}.log ${Dateformat}_${Lognameg}.log
    $Basedir/sbin/nginx -s reload
    ~                             
    [root@maiyat logs]# ls
    2018-05-05_access_bbs.log   2018-05-05_access_www.log  2018-06-30_access_blog.log  access_bbs.log   access.log      error.log
    2018-05-05_access_blog.log  2018-06-30_access_bbs.log  2018-06-30_access_www.log   access_blog.log  access_www.log  nginx.pid
    将该脚本写入crontab里,按天轮询切割
    [root@maiyat script]# echo "00 00 * * *   /bin/sh /service/script/cut-nginx-accesslog.sh " >>/var/spool/cron/root
    [root@maiyat script]# crontab -l |grep nginx
    00 00 * * *   /bin/sh /service/script/cut-nginx-accesslog.sh 

    6.0 rewrite改写url

    6.1 nginx rewrite 的主要功能是实现URL地址改写,它需要PCRE软件的支持,即通过6.2 perl兼容的正则表达式语法进行规范配置的,安装nginx时候已经会要求安装PCRE软件,默认编译参数nginx就会安装支持rewrite的模块。
    6.3 rewrite是实现URL重写的关键指令,根据regex(正则表达式)部分内容,重定向replacement部分内容,结尾是flag标记。
    6.4 rewrite 指令语法

    rewrite regex replacement [flag];
    默认值:none
    应用位置:server,location,if

    6.5 应用实例:

    1. [root@maiyat sbin]# vi ../conf/vhosts/rewrite.conf 
            server {
            listen       80;
            server_name  maiyat.com ;
            rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.maiyat.com/$1 permanent;
        }
    	
    2. [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.3/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx -s reload
    nginx: [error] invalid PID number "" in "/application/nginx-1.6.3/logs/nginx.pid"
    [root@maiyat sbin]# ./nginx 
    
    3. [root@maiyat sbin]# curl maiyat.com -I
    HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
    Server: nginx/1.6.3
    Date: Tue, 08 May 2018 03:36:37 GMT
    Content-Type: text/html
    Content-Length: 184
    Connection: keep-alive
    Location: http://www.maiyat.com/
    
    [root@maiyat sbin]# curl www.maiyat.com -I
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Server: nginx/1.6.3
    Date: Tue, 08 May 2018 03:36:53 GMT
    Content-Type: text/html
    Content-Length: 12
    Last-Modified: Thu, 28 Jun 2018 23:50:21 GMT
    Connection: keep-alive
    ETag: "5b35743d-c"
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/chacha51/p/13764854.html
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