外键的变种,数据的增删改和单表查询

1.如何找出两张表之间的关系

　　先站在左表的角度去找 , 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id）

　　再站在右表的角度去找 , 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id）

　　总结:

　　　　多对一:

　　　　如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表 , 如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表

　　　　多对多:

　　　　如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系

　　　　一对一:

　　　　如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

2.表的三种关系

　　一对多(或者多对一):

　　关联方式: foreign key

create table press(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);
create table book(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    press_id int not null,
        constraint fk_book_press foreign key(press_id) references  press(id)
      on delete cascade
    on update cascade
);
# 先往被关联表中插入记录
insert into press(name) values

('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;
# 再往关联表中插入记录
insert into book (name,press_id) alues
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;
查询结果:
    select * from book;
    select * from press;

　　多对多:

　　关联方式: foreign key +一张新的表

create table book(
                 id int primary key auto_increment,
                 name varchar(20)
                
                );
                create table author(
                    id int primary key auto_increment,
                    name varchar(20)
                );
                
                create table autho_book(
                    id int primary key auto_increment,
                    book_id int not null,
                    author_id int not null,
                    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
                    on delete cascade
                    on update cascade,
                    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
                    on delete cascade
                    on update cascade                
                );
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('wusir'),('yuanhao');
insert into book(name) values
                ('九阳神功'),
                ('九阴真经'),
                ('九阴白骨爪'),
                ('独孤九剑'),
                ('降龙十巴掌'),
                ('葵花宝典');
insert into autho_book(author_id,book_id) values
                (1,1),
                (1,2),
                (1,3),
                (1,4),
                (1,5),
                (1,6),
                (2,1),
                (2,6),
                (3,4),
                (3,5),
                (3,6),
                (4,1)
                ;

　　一对一;

　　关联方式: foreign key +unique

#例如： 一个用户只能注册一个博客

#两张表： 用户表 （user）和 博客表(blog)
# 创建用户表
create table user(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);
# 创建博客表
create table blog(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    url varchar(100),
    user_id int unique,
    constraint fk_user foreign key(user_id) references user(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
);
#插入用户表中的记录
insert into user(name) values
('alex'),
('wusir'),
('egon'),
('xiaoma')
;
# 插入博客表的记录
insert into blog(url,user_id) values
('http://www.cnblog/alex',1),
('http://www.cnblog/wusir',2),
('http://www.cnblog/egon',3),
('http://www.cnblog/xiaoma',4)
;
# 查询wusir的博客地址
select url from blog where user_id=2;

二.数据的增删改

在mysql管理软件中,可以通过sql语句中的DML语言来实现数据的操作,包括

　　1.使用insert 实现数据的插入

　　2.update 实现数据的更新

　　3.使用delete 实现数据的删除

　　4.使用select 查询数据

插入数据  INSERT

　　1.查完整的数据(顺序插入)

　　　　语法一:

　　　　inert into 表名(字段1,字段2, 字段3,..) values(值1,值2,值3,...);

　　　　语法二:

　　　　insert into 表名 values (值1,值2, 值3,...);

　　2.指定字段插入数据

　　　　语法:

　　　　inert into 表名(字段1,字段2, 字段3,..) values(值1,值2,值3,...);

　　3.插入多条记录

　　　　语法:

　　　　INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
        　　(值1,值2,值3…值n),
        　　(值1,值2,值3…值n),
        　　(值1,值2,值3…值n);
　　4.插入查询结果
　　　　语法:
　　　　insert into 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3,...) 
　　　　　　　　select (字段1,字段2,字段3,...) from 表2
　　　　　　　　whert ..;
数据更新 UPDATE
　　语法:
　　update 表名 set
　　　　字段1=值1,
　　　　字段2=值2,
　　　　where condition;
示例:
　　update mysql.user set password=password("123")
　　　　　　where user="root" and host="localhost";
删除数据  delete
　　语法:
delete from 表名
　　where conition;
示例:
　　delete from mysql.user
　　　　where password="";
三.单表查询
　　语法:

　　1.单表查询的语法
   SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
            WHERE 条件
            GROUP BY field
            HAVING 筛选
            ORDER BY field
            LIMIT 限制条数
　　2.关键字的执行优先级
　　　　from , where , group by ,having , select , distinct , order by ,limit

　　　　1.找到表:from

　　　　2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录

　　　　3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组

　　　　4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

　　　　5.执行select

　　　　6.去重

　　　　7.将结果按条件排序：order by

　　　　8.限制结果的显示条数

创建员工表,表的字段和数据类型

company.employee
    员工id          id                          int                  
    姓名            name                        varchar                                                             
    性别            sex                         enum                                                                  
    年龄            age                         int
    入职日期         hire_date                   date
    岗位            post                        varchar
    职位描述         post_comment         　　　　varchar
    薪水            salary                　　　 double
    办公室           office                     int
    部门编号         depart_id                   int

#创建表,设置字段的约束条件
create table employee(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name  varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary  double(15,2),
    office int,#一个部门一个屋
    depart_id int
);
# 查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field                | Type                              | Null | Key     | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id                      | int(11)                            | NO   | PRI     | NULL    | auto_increment |
| emp_name             | varchar(20)                   | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| sex                  | enum('male','female')   | NO   |             | male    |                |
| age                  | int(3) unsigned               | NO   |             | 28         |                |
| hire_date        | date                              | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| post                 | varchar(50)                   | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| post_comment     | varchar(100)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| salart               | double(15,2)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| office              | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| depart_id        | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
10 rows in set (0.08 sec)

#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

where  约束

where子句中可以使用
1.比较运算符：>、<、>=、<=、!=
2.between 80 and 100 ：值在80到100之间
3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30
4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符，_表示一个字符
5.逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or 

验证结果:

#1 :单条件查询
mysql> select id,emp_name from employee where id > 5;
+----+------------+
| id | emp_name   |
+----+------------+
|  6 | jingliyang |
|  7 | jinxin     |
|  8 | xiaomage   |
|  9 | 歪歪       |
| 10 | 丫丫       |
| 11 | 丁丁       |
| 12 | 星星       |
| 13 | 格格       |
| 14 | 张野       |
| 15 | 程咬金     |
| 16 | 程咬银     |
| 17 | 程咬铜     |
| 18 | 程咬铁     |

#2 多条件查询
mysql> select emp_name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000;
+----------+
| emp_name |
+----------+
| alex         |
| jinxin     |
+----------+

#3.关键字BETWEEN AND
 SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

 SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

#注意''是空字符串，不是null
 SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment='';
 ps：
        执行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上条查看，就会有结果了
#5:关键字IN集合查询
mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+
mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+-----------+------------+
| name      | salary     |
+-----------+------------+
| egon      |    7300.33 |
| alex      | 1000000.31 |
| wupeiqi   |    8300.00 |
| liwenzhou |    2100.00 |
| jinxin    |   30000.00 |
| xiaomage  |   10000.00 |
| 歪歪      |    3000.13 |
| 丫丫      |    2000.35 |
| 丁丁      |    1000.37 |
| 星星      |    3000.29 |
| 格格      |    4000.33 |
| 张野      |   10000.13 |
| 程咬金    |   20000.00 |
| 程咬银    |   19000.00 |
| 程咬铜    |   18000.00 |
| 程咬铁    |   17000.00 |
+-----------+------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%’
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'jin%';
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)


通配符'_'

mysql> SELECT  age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_';
+-----+
| age |
+-----+
|  78 |
+-----+
row in set (0.00 sec)

练习：
1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

#对应的sql语句
select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

group by 分组查询

1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等
3、为何要分组呢？
    取每个部门的最高工资
    取每个部门的员工数
    取男人数和女人数
小窍门：‘每’这个字后面的字段，就是我们分组的依据
4、大前提：
    可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数

当执行以下sql语句的时候，是以post字段查询了组中的第一条数据，没有任何意义，因为我们现在想查出当前组的多条记录。

mysql> select * from employee group by post;
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 张野   | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
|  9 | 歪歪   | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  2 | alex   | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon   | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果，默认都是组内的第一条记录，但其实这是没有意义的
如果想分组，则必须要设置全局的sql的模式为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

#查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下：
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+--------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode  |
+--------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
+--------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit;#设置成功后，一定要退出，然后重新登录方可生效
Bye

继续验证通过group by分组之后，只能查看当前字段,如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数

mysql> select * from emp group by post;# 报错
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'group statement'



mysql>  select post from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+
| post                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+
| operation                               |
| sale                                    |
| teacher                                 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |
+-----------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

聚合函数

max()求最大值
min()求最小值
avg()求平均值
sum() 求和
count() 求总个数

#强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组
# 每个部门有多少个员工
select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的最高薪水
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的最低薪水
select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的平均薪水
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每个部门的所有薪水
select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;

HAVING 过滤

　　having和where的区别:　　

　　执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having 

　　　　1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
　　　　2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

验证:

mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex  | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | alex | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause

# 必须使用group by才能使用group_concat()函数，将所有的name值连接
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000; ##错误，分组后无法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'field list'

练习

# 题1：查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name)                                        | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野                          |         5 |
| sale                                    | 格格,星星,丁丁,丫丫,歪歪                                  |         5 |
| teacher                                 | xiaomage,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                      |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon               |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
row in set (0.00 sec)


#题2：查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#题3：查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post      | avg(salary)  |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

order by  查询排序

单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;
按多列排序:先按照age升序排序，如果年纪相同，则按照id降序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age ASC,
        id DESC;
验证:

SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;
mysql> SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 18 | 程咬铁     | female |  18 | 2014-05-12 | operation                               | NULL         |   17000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 17 | 程咬铜     | male   |  18 | 2015-04-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   18000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 16 | 程咬银     | female |  18 | 2013-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   19000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金     | male   |  18 | 1997-03-12 | operation                               | NULL         |   20000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 12 | 星星       | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 11 | 丁丁       | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale                                    | NULL         |    1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |   30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon       | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
| 14 | 张野       | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 13 | 格格       | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale                                    | NULL         |    4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale                                    | NULL         |    2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  8 | xiaomage   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher                                 | NULL         |   10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao    | male   |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex       | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql>

练习

# 题目1.查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

# 题目2.查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 题目3.查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列　
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
| operation |  16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

limit   限制查询的记录数

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
     LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

练习:

# 第1页数据
  mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | egon      | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex      | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi   | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao   | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  5 | liwenzhou | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第2页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  8 | xiaomage   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale    | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale    | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第3页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex    | age | hire_date  | post      | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁      | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale      | NULL         |  1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
| 12 | 星星      | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 13 | 格格      | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale      | NULL         |  4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
| 14 | 张野      | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL         | 10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金    | male   |  18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL         | 20000.00 |    403 |         3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)