Python实现目录文件的全量和增量备份

1.通过传入的路径，获取该路径下面的所有目录和文件(递归)

方法一：使用os.listdir

代码如下：

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf8

import os,sys

def lsdir(folder):
    contents = os.listdir(folder)
    print "%s
%s
" % (folder, contents)
    for path in contents:
        full_path = os.path.join(folder, path)
        if os.path.isdir(full_path):
            lsdir(full_path)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    lsdir(sys.argv[1])

•运行代码，效果如下：

[root@localhost python]# python listdir.py /a
/a
['b', 'a.txt']

/a/b
['c', 'b.txt']

/a/b/c
['c.txt']

方法二：使用os.walk

代码如下：

'''
遇到问题没人解答？小编创建了一个Python学习交流QQ群：857662006 
寻找有志同道合的小伙伴，互帮互助,群里还有不错的视频学习教程和PDF电子书！
'''
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import os,sys

def lsdir(folder):
   contents = os.walk(folder)
   for path, folder, file in contents:
       print "%s
%s
" %(path, folder + file)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    lsdir(sys.argv[1])

•运行代码，测试效果

[root@localhost python]# python listdir1.py /a
/a
['b', 'a.txt']

/a/b
['c', 'b.txt']

/a/b/c
['c.txt']

2.如何计算文件的md5值(每次读取4K，直到读取完文件所有内容，返回一个16进制的md5值)

代码如下：

'''
遇到问题没人解答？小编创建了一个Python学习交流QQ群：857662006 
寻找有志同道合的小伙伴，互帮互助,群里还有不错的视频学习教程和PDF电子书！
'''
[root@localhost python]# cat md5.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import hashlib
import sys

def md5(fname):
    m = hashlib.md5()
    with open(fname) as fobj:
        while True:
            data = fobj.read(4096)
            if not data:
                break
            m.update(data)
    return m.hexdigest()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print md5(sys.argv[1])

•运行代码，测试效果

[root@localhost python]# python md5.py a.txt
c33da92372e700f98b006dfa5325cf0d
[root@localhost python]# md5sum a.txt
c33da92372e700f98b006dfa5325cf0d  a.txt

*提示：使用linux自带的md5sum和自己编写的Python计算的md5值相通

3.编写全量和增量备份脚本

代码如下：

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf8

import time
import os
import tarfile
import cPickle as p
import hashlib


def md5check(fname):
    m = hashlib.md5()
    with open(fname) as fobj:
        while True:
            data = fobj.read(4096)
            if not data:
                break
            m.update(data)
    return m.hexdigest()


def full_backup(src_dir, dst_dir, md5file):
    par_dir, base_dir = os.path.split(src_dir.rstrip('/'))
    back_name = '%s_full_%s.tar.gz' % (base_dir, time.strftime('%Y%m%d'))
    full_name = os.path.join(dst_dir, back_name)
    md5dict = {}

    tar = tarfile.open(full_name, 'w:gz')
    tar.add(src_dir)
    tar.close()
    for path, folders, files in os.walk(src_dir):
        for fname in files:
            full_path = os.path.join(path, fname)
            md5dict[full_path] = md5check(full_path)

    with open(md5file, 'w') as fobj:
        p.dump(md5dict, fobj)



def incr_backup(src_dir, dst_dir, md5file):
    par_dir, base_dir = os.path.split(src_dir.rstrip('/'))
    back_name = '%s_incr_%s.tar.gz' % (base_dir, time.strftime('%Y%m%d'))
    full_name = os.path.join(dst_dir, back_name)
    md5new = {}

    for path, folders, files in os.walk(src_dir):
        for fname in files:
            full_path = os.path.join(path, fname)
            md5new[full_path] = md5check(full_path)

    with open(md5file) as fobj:
        md5old = p.load(fobj)
    
    with open(md5file, 'w') as fobj:
        p.dump(md5new, fobj)

    tar = tarfile.open(full_name, 'w:gz')
    for key in md5new:
        if md5old.get(key) != md5new[key]:
            tar.add(key)
    tar.close()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    src_dir = '/Users/xkops/gxb/'
    dst_dir = '/tmp/'
    md5file = '/Users/xkops/md5.data'
    if time.strftime('%a') == 'Mon':
        full_backup(src_dir, dst_dir, md5file)
    else:
        incr_backup(src_dir, dst_dir, md5file)

•运行代码，测试效果(执行前，修改需要备份的文件和路径)，运行之后检查/tmp下是否生成了当天的备份文件。