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  • MySQL 8.0 Keywords and Reserved Words

    MySQL 8.0 Keywords and Reserved Words

    The following list shows the keywords and reserved words in MySQL 8.0, along with changes to individual words from version to version. Reserved keywords are marked with (R). In addition, _FILENAME is reserved.

    At some point, you might upgrade to a higher version, so it is a good idea to have a look at future reserved words, too. You can find these in the manuals that cover higher versions of MySQL. Most of the reserved words in the list are forbidden by standard SQL as column or table names (for example, GROUP). A few are reserved because MySQL needs them and uses a yacc parser.

    A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

    A

    • ACCESSIBLE (R)

    • ACCOUNT

    • ACTION

    • ACTIVE; added in 8.0.14 (nonreserved)

    • ADD (R)

    • ADMIN; became nonreserved in 8.0.12

    • AFTER

    • AGAINST

    • AGGREGATE

    • ALGORITHM

    • ALL (R)

    • ALTER (R)

    • ALWAYS

    • ANALYSE; removed in 8.0.1

    • ANALYZE (R)

    • AND (R)

    • ANY

    • ARRAY (R); added in 8.0.17 (reserved)

    • AS (R)

    • ASC (R)

    • ASCII

    • ASENSITIVE (R)

    • AT

    • AUTOEXTEND_SIZE

    • AUTO_INCREMENT

    • AVG

    • AVG_ROW_LENGTH

    B

    • BACKUP

    • BEFORE (R)

    • BEGIN

    • BETWEEN (R)

    • BIGINT (R)

    • BINARY (R)

    • BINLOG

    • BIT

    • BLOB (R)

    • BLOCK

    • BOOL

    • BOOLEAN

    • BOTH (R)

    • BTREE

    • BUCKETS; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • BY (R)

    • BYTE

    C

    • CACHE

    • CALL (R)

    • CASCADE (R)

    • CASCADED

    • CASE (R)

    • CATALOG_NAME

    • CHAIN

    • CHANGE (R)

    • CHANGED

    • CHANNEL

    • CHAR (R)

    • CHARACTER (R)

    • CHARSET

    • CHECK (R)

    • CHECKSUM

    • CIPHER

    • CLASS_ORIGIN

    • CLIENT

    • CLONE; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • CLOSE

    • COALESCE

    • CODE

    • COLLATE (R)

    • COLLATION

    • COLUMN (R)

    • COLUMNS

    • COLUMN_FORMAT

    • COLUMN_NAME

    • COMMENT

    • COMMIT

    • COMMITTED

    • COMPACT

    • COMPLETION

    • COMPONENT

    • COMPRESSED

    • COMPRESSION

    • CONCURRENT

    • CONDITION (R)

    • CONNECTION

    • CONSISTENT

    • CONSTRAINT (R)

    • CONSTRAINT_CATALOG

    • CONSTRAINT_NAME

    • CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA

    • CONTAINS

    • CONTEXT

    • CONTINUE (R)

    • CONVERT (R)

    • CPU

    • CREATE (R)

    • CROSS (R)

    • CUBE (R); became reserved in 8.0.1

    • CUME_DIST (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • CURRENT

    • CURRENT_DATE (R)

    • CURRENT_TIME (R)

    • CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (R)

    • CURRENT_USER (R)

    • CURSOR (R)

    • CURSOR_NAME

    D

    • DATA

    • DATABASE (R)

    • DATABASES (R)

    • DATAFILE

    • DATE

    • DATETIME

    • DAY

    • DAY_HOUR (R)

    • DAY_MICROSECOND (R)

    • DAY_MINUTE (R)

    • DAY_SECOND (R)

    • DEALLOCATE

    • DEC (R)

    • DECIMAL (R)

    • DECLARE (R)

    • DEFAULT (R)

    • DEFAULT_AUTH

    • DEFINER

    • DEFINITION; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • DELAYED (R)

    • DELAY_KEY_WRITE

    • DELETE (R)

    • DENSE_RANK (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • DESC (R)

    • DESCRIBE (R)

    • DESCRIPTION; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • DES_KEY_FILE; removed in 8.0.3

    • DETERMINISTIC (R)

    • DIAGNOSTICS

    • DIRECTORY

    • DISABLE

    • DISCARD

    • DISK

    • DISTINCT (R)

    • DISTINCTROW (R)

    • DIV (R)

    • DO

    • DOUBLE (R)

    • DROP (R)

    • DUAL (R)

    • DUMPFILE

    • DUPLICATE

    • DYNAMIC

    E

    • EACH (R)

    • ELSE (R)

    • ELSEIF (R)

    • EMPTY (R); added in 8.0.4 (reserved)

    • ENABLE

    • ENCLOSED (R)

    • ENCRYPTION

    • END

    • ENDS

    • ENFORCED; added in 8.0.16 (nonreserved)

    • ENGINE

    • ENGINES

    • ENUM

    • ERROR

    • ERRORS

    • ESCAPE

    • ESCAPED (R)

    • EVENT

    • EVENTS

    • EVERY

    • EXCEPT (R)

    • EXCHANGE

    • EXCLUDE; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • EXECUTE

    • EXISTS (R)

    • EXIT (R)

    • EXPANSION

    • EXPIRE

    • EXPLAIN (R)

    • EXPORT

    • EXTENDED

    • EXTENT_SIZE

    F

    • FALSE (R)

    • FAST

    • FAULTS

    • FETCH (R)

    • FIELDS

    • FILE

    • FILE_BLOCK_SIZE

    • FILTER

    • FIRST

    • FIRST_VALUE (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • FIXED

    • FLOAT (R)

    • FLOAT4 (R)

    • FLOAT8 (R)

    • FLUSH

    • FOLLOWING; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • FOLLOWS

    • FOR (R)

    • FORCE (R)

    • FOREIGN (R)

    • FORMAT

    • FOUND

    • FROM (R)

    • FULL

    • FULLTEXT (R)

    • FUNCTION (R); became reserved in 8.0.1

    G

    • GENERAL

    • GENERATED (R)

    • GEOMCOLLECTION; added in 8.0.11 (nonreserved)

    • GEOMETRY

    • GEOMETRYCOLLECTION

    • GET (R)

    • GET_FORMAT

    • GET_MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY; added in 8.0.4 (reserved); became nonreserved in 8.0.11

    • GLOBAL

    • GRANT (R)

    • GRANTS

    • GROUP (R)

    • GROUPING (R); added in 8.0.1 (reserved)

    • GROUPS (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • GROUP_REPLICATION

    H

    • HANDLER

    • HASH

    • HAVING (R)

    • HELP

    • HIGH_PRIORITY (R)

    • HISTOGRAM; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • HISTORY; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • HOST

    • HOSTS

    • HOUR

    • HOUR_MICROSECOND (R)

    • HOUR_MINUTE (R)

    • HOUR_SECOND (R)

    I

    • IDENTIFIED

    • IF (R)

    • IGNORE (R)

    • IGNORE_SERVER_IDS

    • IMPORT

    • IN (R)

    • INACTIVE; added in 8.0.14 (nonreserved)

    • INDEX (R)

    • INDEXES

    • INFILE (R)

    • INITIAL_SIZE

    • INNER (R)

    • INOUT (R)

    • INSENSITIVE (R)

    • INSERT (R)

    • INSERT_METHOD

    • INSTALL

    • INSTANCE

    • INT (R)

    • INT1 (R)

    • INT2 (R)

    • INT3 (R)

    • INT4 (R)

    • INT8 (R)

    • INTEGER (R)

    • INTERVAL (R)

    • INTO (R)

    • INVISIBLE

    • INVOKER

    • IO

    • IO_AFTER_GTIDS (R)

    • IO_BEFORE_GTIDS (R)

    • IO_THREAD

    • IPC

    • IS (R)

    • ISOLATION

    • ISSUER

    • ITERATE (R)

    J

    • JOIN (R)

    • JSON

    • JSON_TABLE (R); added in 8.0.4 (reserved)

    K

    • KEY (R)

    • KEYS (R)

    • KEY_BLOCK_SIZE

    • KILL (R)

    L

    • LAG (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • LANGUAGE

    • LAST

    • LAST_VALUE (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • LATERAL (R); added in 8.0.14 (reserved)

    • LEAD (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • LEADING (R)

    • LEAVE (R)

    • LEAVES

    • LEFT (R)

    • LESS

    • LEVEL

    • LIKE (R)

    • LIMIT (R)

    • LINEAR (R)

    • LINES (R)

    • LINESTRING

    • LIST

    • LOAD (R)

    • LOCAL

    • LOCALTIME (R)

    • LOCALTIMESTAMP (R)

    • LOCK (R)

    • LOCKED; added in 8.0.1 (nonreserved)

    • LOCKS

    • LOGFILE

    • LOGS

    • LONG (R)

    • LONGBLOB (R)

    • LONGTEXT (R)

    • LOOP (R)

    • LOW_PRIORITY (R)

    M

    • MASTER

    • MASTER_AUTO_POSITION

    • MASTER_BIND (R)

    • MASTER_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHMS; added in 8.0.18 (nonreserved)

    • MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY

    • MASTER_DELAY

    • MASTER_HEARTBEAT_PERIOD

    • MASTER_HOST

    • MASTER_LOG_FILE

    • MASTER_LOG_POS

    • MASTER_PASSWORD

    • MASTER_PORT

    • MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY_PATH; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • MASTER_RETRY_COUNT

    • MASTER_SERVER_ID

    • MASTER_SSL

    • MASTER_SSL_CA

    • MASTER_SSL_CAPATH

    • MASTER_SSL_CERT

    • MASTER_SSL_CIPHER

    • MASTER_SSL_CRL

    • MASTER_SSL_CRLPATH

    • MASTER_SSL_KEY

    • MASTER_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT (R)

    • MASTER_TLS_VERSION

    • MASTER_USER

    • MASTER_ZSTD_COMPRESSION_LEVEL; added in 8.0.18 (nonreserved)

    • MATCH (R)

    • MAXVALUE (R)

    • MAX_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOUR

    • MAX_QUERIES_PER_HOUR

    • MAX_ROWS

    • MAX_SIZE

    • MAX_UPDATES_PER_HOUR

    • MAX_USER_CONNECTIONS

    • MEDIUM

    • MEDIUMBLOB (R)

    • MEDIUMINT (R)

    • MEDIUMTEXT (R)

    • MEMBER (R); added in 8.0.17 (reserved)

    • MEMORY

    • MERGE

    • MESSAGE_TEXT

    • MICROSECOND

    • MIDDLEINT (R)

    • MIGRATE

    • MINUTE

    • MINUTE_MICROSECOND (R)

    • MINUTE_SECOND (R)

    • MIN_ROWS

    • MOD (R)

    • MODE

    • MODIFIES (R)

    • MODIFY

    • MONTH

    • MULTILINESTRING

    • MULTIPOINT

    • MULTIPOLYGON

    • MUTEX

    • MYSQL_ERRNO

    N

    • NAME

    • NAMES

    • NATIONAL

    • NATURAL (R)

    • NCHAR

    • NDB

    • NDBCLUSTER

    • NESTED; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • NETWORK_NAMESPACE; added in 8.0.16 (nonreserved)

    • NEVER

    • NEW

    • NEXT

    • NO

    • NODEGROUP

    • NONE

    • NOT (R)

    • NOWAIT; added in 8.0.1 (nonreserved)

    • NO_WAIT

    • NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG (R)

    • NTH_VALUE (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • NTILE (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • NULL (R)

    • NULLS; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • NUMBER

    • NUMERIC (R)

    • NVARCHAR

    O

    • OF (R); added in 8.0.1 (reserved)

    • OFFSET

    • OJ; added in 8.0.16 (nonreserved)

    • OLD; added in 8.0.14 (nonreserved)

    • ON (R)

    • ONE

    • ONLY

    • OPEN

    • OPTIMIZE (R)

    • OPTIMIZER_COSTS (R)

    • OPTION (R)

    • OPTIONAL; added in 8.0.13 (nonreserved)

    • OPTIONALLY (R)

    • OPTIONS

    • OR (R)

    • ORDER (R)

    • ORDINALITY; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • ORGANIZATION; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • OTHERS; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • OUT (R)

    • OUTER (R)

    • OUTFILE (R)

    • OVER (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • OWNER

    P

    • PACK_KEYS

    • PAGE

    • PARSER

    • PARTIAL

    • PARTITION (R)

    • PARTITIONING

    • PARTITIONS

    • PASSWORD

    • PATH; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • PERCENT_RANK (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • PERSIST; became nonreserved in 8.0.16

    • PERSIST_ONLY; added in 8.0.2 (reserved); became nonreserved in 8.0.16

    • PHASE

    • PLUGIN

    • PLUGINS

    • PLUGIN_DIR

    • POINT

    • POLYGON

    • PORT

    • PRECEDES

    • PRECEDING; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • PRECISION (R)

    • PREPARE

    • PRESERVE

    • PREV

    • PRIMARY (R)

    • PRIVILEGES

    • PRIVILEGE_CHECKS_USER; added in 8.0.18 (nonreserved)

    • PROCEDURE (R)

    • PROCESS; added in 8.0.11 (nonreserved)

    • PROCESSLIST

    • PROFILE

    • PROFILES

    • PROXY

    • PURGE (R)

    Q

    • QUARTER

    • QUERY

    • QUICK

    R

    • RANDOM; added in 8.0.18 (nonreserved)

    • RANGE (R)

    • RANK (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • READ (R)

    • READS (R)

    • READ_ONLY

    • READ_WRITE (R)

    • REAL (R)

    • REBUILD

    • RECOVER

    • RECURSIVE (R); added in 8.0.1 (reserved)

    • REDOFILE; removed in 8.0.3

    • REDO_BUFFER_SIZE

    • REDUNDANT

    • REFERENCE; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • REFERENCES (R)

    • REGEXP (R)

    • RELAY

    • RELAYLOG

    • RELAY_LOG_FILE

    • RELAY_LOG_POS

    • RELAY_THREAD

    • RELEASE (R)

    • RELOAD

    • REMOTE; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved); removed in 8.0.14

    • REMOVE

    • RENAME (R)

    • REORGANIZE

    • REPAIR

    • REPEAT (R)

    • REPEATABLE

    • REPLACE (R)

    • REPLICATE_DO_DB

    • REPLICATE_DO_TABLE

    • REPLICATE_IGNORE_DB

    • REPLICATE_IGNORE_TABLE

    • REPLICATE_REWRITE_DB

    • REPLICATE_WILD_DO_TABLE

    • REPLICATE_WILD_IGNORE_TABLE

    • REPLICATION

    • REQUIRE (R)

    • RESET

    • RESIGNAL (R)

    • RESOURCE; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • RESPECT; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • RESTART; added in 8.0.4 (nonreserved)

    • RESTORE

    • RESTRICT (R)

    • RESUME

    • RETAIN; added in 8.0.14 (nonreserved)

    • RETURN (R)

    • RETURNED_SQLSTATE

    • RETURNS

    • REUSE; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • REVERSE

    • REVOKE (R)

    • RIGHT (R)

    • RLIKE (R)

    • ROLE; became nonreserved in 8.0.1

    • ROLLBACK

    • ROLLUP

    • ROTATE

    • ROUTINE

    • ROW (R); became reserved in 8.0.2

    • ROWS (R); became reserved in 8.0.2

    • ROW_COUNT

    • ROW_FORMAT

    • ROW_NUMBER (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • RTREE

    S

    • SAVEPOINT

    • SCHEDULE

    • SCHEMA (R)

    • SCHEMAS (R)

    • SCHEMA_NAME

    • SECOND

    • SECONDARY; added in 8.0.16 (nonreserved)

    • SECONDARY_ENGINE; added in 8.0.13 (nonreserved)

    • SECONDARY_LOAD; added in 8.0.13 (nonreserved)

    • SECONDARY_UNLOAD; added in 8.0.13 (nonreserved)

    • SECOND_MICROSECOND (R)

    • SECURITY

    • SELECT (R)

    • SENSITIVE (R)

    • SEPARATOR (R)

    • SERIAL

    • SERIALIZABLE

    • SERVER

    • SESSION

    • SET (R)

    • SHARE

    • SHOW (R)

    • SHUTDOWN

    • SIGNAL (R)

    • SIGNED

    • SIMPLE

    • SKIP; added in 8.0.1 (nonreserved)

    • SLAVE

    • SLOW

    • SMALLINT (R)

    • SNAPSHOT

    • SOCKET

    • SOME

    • SONAME

    • SOUNDS

    • SOURCE

    • SPATIAL (R)

    • SPECIFIC (R)

    • SQL (R)

    • SQLEXCEPTION (R)

    • SQLSTATE (R)

    • SQLWARNING (R)

    • SQL_AFTER_GTIDS

    • SQL_AFTER_MTS_GAPS

    • SQL_BEFORE_GTIDS

    • SQL_BIG_RESULT (R)

    • SQL_BUFFER_RESULT

    • SQL_CACHE; removed in 8.0.3

    • SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS (R)

    • SQL_NO_CACHE

    • SQL_SMALL_RESULT (R)

    • SQL_THREAD

    • SQL_TSI_DAY

    • SQL_TSI_HOUR

    • SQL_TSI_MINUTE

    • SQL_TSI_MONTH

    • SQL_TSI_QUARTER

    • SQL_TSI_SECOND

    • SQL_TSI_WEEK

    • SQL_TSI_YEAR

    • SRID; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • SSL (R)

    • STACKED

    • START

    • STARTING (R)

    • STARTS

    • STATS_AUTO_RECALC

    • STATS_PERSISTENT

    • STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES

    • STATUS

    • STOP

    • STORAGE

    • STORED (R)

    • STRAIGHT_JOIN (R)

    • STRING

    • SUBCLASS_ORIGIN

    • SUBJECT

    • SUBPARTITION

    • SUBPARTITIONS

    • SUPER

    • SUSPEND

    • SWAPS

    • SWITCHES

    • SYSTEM (R); added in 8.0.3 (reserved)

    T

    • TABLE (R)

    • TABLES

    • TABLESPACE

    • TABLE_CHECKSUM

    • TABLE_NAME

    • TEMPORARY

    • TEMPTABLE

    • TERMINATED (R)

    • TEXT

    • THAN

    • THEN (R)

    • THREAD_PRIORITY; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • TIES; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • TIME

    • TIMESTAMP

    • TIMESTAMPADD

    • TIMESTAMPDIFF

    • TINYBLOB (R)

    • TINYINT (R)

    • TINYTEXT (R)

    • TO (R)

    • TRAILING (R)

    • TRANSACTION

    • TRIGGER (R)

    • TRIGGERS

    • TRUE (R)

    • TRUNCATE

    • TYPE

    • TYPES

    U

    • UNBOUNDED; added in 8.0.2 (nonreserved)

    • UNCOMMITTED

    • UNDEFINED

    • UNDO (R)

    • UNDOFILE

    • UNDO_BUFFER_SIZE

    • UNICODE

    • UNINSTALL

    • UNION (R)

    • UNIQUE (R)

    • UNKNOWN

    • UNLOCK (R)

    • UNSIGNED (R)

    • UNTIL

    • UPDATE (R)

    • UPGRADE

    • USAGE (R)

    • USE (R)

    • USER

    • USER_RESOURCES

    • USE_FRM

    • USING (R)

    • UTC_DATE (R)

    • UTC_TIME (R)

    • UTC_TIMESTAMP (R)

    V

    • VALIDATION

    • VALUE

    • VALUES (R)

    • VARBINARY (R)

    • VARCHAR (R)

    • VARCHARACTER (R)

    • VARIABLES

    • VARYING (R)

    • VCPU; added in 8.0.3 (nonreserved)

    • VIEW

    • VIRTUAL (R)

    • VISIBLE

    W

    • WAIT

    • WARNINGS

    • WEEK

    • WEIGHT_STRING

    • WHEN (R)

    • WHERE (R)

    • WHILE (R)

    • WINDOW (R); added in 8.0.2 (reserved)

    • WITH (R)

    • WITHOUT

    • WORK

    • WRAPPER

    • WRITE (R)

    X

    • X509

    • XA

    • XID

    • XML

    • XOR (R)

    Y

    • YEAR

    • YEAR_MONTH (R)

    Z

    • ZEROFILL (R)

    MySQL 8.0 New Keywords and Reserved Words

    The following list shows the keywords and reserved words that are added in MySQL 8.0, compared to MySQL 5.7. Reserved keywords are marked with (R).

    A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W

    A

    • ACTIVE

    • ADMIN

    • ARRAY (R)

    B

    • BUCKETS

    C

    • CLONE

    • COMPONENT

    • CUME_DIST (R)

    D

    • DEFINITION

    • DENSE_RANK (R)

    • DESCRIPTION

    E

    • EMPTY (R)

    • ENFORCED

    • EXCEPT (R)

    • EXCLUDE

    F

    • FIRST_VALUE (R)

    • FOLLOWING

    G

    • GEOMCOLLECTION

    • GET_MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY

    • GROUPING (R)

    • GROUPS (R)

    H

    • HISTOGRAM

    • HISTORY

    I

    • INACTIVE

    • INVISIBLE

    J

    • JSON_TABLE (R)

    L

    • LAG (R)

    • LAST_VALUE (R)

    • LATERAL (R)

    • LEAD (R)

    • LOCKED

    M

    • MASTER_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHMS

    • MASTER_PUBLIC_KEY_PATH

    • MASTER_ZSTD_COMPRESSION_LEVEL

    • MEMBER (R)

    N

    • NESTED

    • NETWORK_NAMESPACE

    • NOWAIT

    • NTH_VALUE (R)

    • NTILE (R)

    • NULLS

    O

    • OF (R)

    • OJ

    • OLD

    • OPTIONAL

    • ORDINALITY

    • ORGANIZATION

    • OTHERS

    • OVER (R)

    P

    • PATH

    • PERCENT_RANK (R)

    • PERSIST

    • PERSIST_ONLY

    • PRECEDING

    • PRIVILEGE_CHECKS_USER

    • PROCESS

    R

    • RANDOM

    • RANK (R)

    • RECURSIVE (R)

    • REFERENCE

    • RESOURCE

    • RESPECT

    • RESTART

    • RETAIN

    • REUSE

    • ROLE

    • ROW_NUMBER (R)

    S

    • SECONDARY

    • SECONDARY_ENGINE

    • SECONDARY_LOAD

    • SECONDARY_UNLOAD

    • SKIP

    • SRID

    • SYSTEM (R)

    T

    • THREAD_PRIORITY

    • TIES

    U

    • UNBOUNDED

    V

    • VCPU

    • VISIBLE

    W

    • WINDOW (R)

    MySQL 8.0 Removed Keywords and Reserved Words

    The following list shows the keywords and reserved words that are removed in MySQL 8.0, compared to MySQL 5.7. Reserved keywords are marked with (R).

    • ANALYSE

    • DES_KEY_FILE

    • PARSE_GCOL_EXPR

    • REDOFILE

    • SQL_CACHE

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    【7.2】__getattr__、__getattribute__魔法函数
    【7.1】property动态属性
    【6.4】一个经典的参数错误
    【6.3】del语句和垃圾回收
    【6.2】==和is的区别
    【6.1】python中的变量是什么
  • 原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/chintsai/p/11829217.html
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