Using HTTP cookies
An HTTP cookie (web cookie, browser cookie) is a small piece of data that a server sends to the user's web browser. The browser may store it and send it back with later requests to the same server. Typically, it is used to tell if two requests came from the same browser — keeping a user logged-in, for example. It remembers stateful information for the stateless HTTP protocol.
Cookies are mainly used for three purposes:
- Session management
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Logins, shopping carts, game scores, or anything else the server should remember
- Personalization
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User preferences, themes, and other settings
- Tracking
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Recording and analyzing user behavior
Cookies were once used for general client-side storage. While this was legitimate when they were the only way to store data on the client, it is now recommended to use modern storage APIs. Cookies are sent with every request, so they can worsen performance (especially for mobile data connections). Modern APIs for client storage are the Web Storage API (localStorage and sessionStorage) and IndexedDB.
Note: To see stored cookies (and other storage that a web page can use), you can enable the Storage Inspector in Developer Tools and select Cookies from the storage tree.
Restrict access to cookies
There are a couple of ways to ensure that cookies are sent securely and are not accessed by unintended parties or scripts: the Secure attribute and the HttpOnly attribute.
A cookie with the Secure attribute is sent to the server only with an encrypted request over the HTTPS protocol, never with unsecured HTTP (except on localhost), and therefore can't easily be accessed by a man-in-the-middle attacker. Insecure sites (with http: in the URL) can't set cookies with the Secure attribute. However, do not assume that Secure prevents all access to sensitive information in cookies; for example, it can be read and modified by someone with access to the client's hard disk (or JavaScript if the HttpOnly attribute is not set).
A cookie with the HttpOnly attribute is inaccessible to the JavaScript Document.cookie API; it is sent only to the server. For example, cookies that persist server-side sessions don't need to be available to JavaScript, and should have the HttpOnly attribute. This precaution helps mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks.
Here is an example:
Set-Cookie: id=a3fWa; Expires=Thu, 21 Oct 2021 07:28:00 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly
127.0.0.1和localhost都不会受到secure的影响，但是局域网ip是会受到影响，比如172.16.210.99。服务器不会通过http下发secure的cookie。
但是微软的FormsAuthentication，对localhost和127.0.0.1有点特殊，虽然cookie正常下发。在request的时候，也会附带上forms authentication的cookie，但是asp.net本身不会去解析对应的cookie.