ORM
orm的关系映射
类----->表
对象--->行
方法---->字段
操作表
单表
# 单表 class UserInfo(models.Model): username = models.CharField(verbose_name='用户名', max_length=32)
ForeignKey(外键)
# 设置外键 class Department(models.Model): title = models.CharField(verbose_name='标题', max_length=32) class UserInfo(models.Model): username = models.CharField(verbose_name='用户名', max_length=32) depart = models.ForeignKey(verbose_name='所属部门', to="Department") """ ForeignKey的参数 on_delete: models.CASCADE,删除部门,则将改部门下的员工全部删除。 + 代码判断 models.DO_NOTHING,删除部门,引发错误IntegrityError models.PROTECT,删除部门,引发错误ProtectedError models.SET_NULL,删除部门,则将改部门下的员工所属部门ID设置为空。(将FK字段设置为null=True) models.SET_DEFAULT,删除部门,则将改部门下的员工所属部门ID设置默认值。(将FK字段设置为default=2) models.SET,删除部门,则将执行set对应的函数,函数的返回值就是要给改部门下员工设置的新的部门ID。 方法: models.CASCADE, 删除逻辑时,通过代码判断当前 “部门” 下是否有用户。 models.SET_NULL,稳妥。 沟通之后在确定。 db_constraint 默认是True,设置为False就不对关联的外键进行校验了,(不管他是否存在) limit_choices_to:可以对选项进行筛选 bzr = models.ForeignKey(to=User,limit_choices_to={'depart__title':'教质部','id__gt':9}) teacher = models.ForeignKey(to=User,limit_choices_to={'depart__title':'Python学院'}) related_name:反向查找的字段 to_field:指定关联对方的字段,默认关联对方id related_query_name:和related_name类似,但是没有他好用 parent_link:没有用过 """
ManyToManyField(多对多)
""" 1.自动创建第三张表(场景:关系表只有boy和girl的id): class Boy(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) class Girl(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) boy = models.ManyToManyField('Boy') 手动创建第三张表(场景:除了boy和girl的id以外,还需要其他字段): class Boy(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) class Girl(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) class Boy2Girl(models.Model): b = models.ForeignKey(to='Boy') g = models.ForeignKey(to='Girl') class Meta: unique_together = ( ("b", "g"), ) 这里设置的是设置联合唯一 """
OneTwoOne(一对一)
""" OneToOneField:一对一 应用场景: 博客园:当你注册之后如果不申请写博客,那么你只能看博客和写评论, 而不能写博客,但是当你申请之后,博客园相当于给你有创建了一张表, 然后和你的账号进行一对一关联,这里就用到了 """
操作数据
增删改查
class Department(models.Model): title = models.CharField(verbose_name='标题', max_length=32) class UserInfo(models.Model): name = models.CharField(verbose_name='员工名称', max_length=32) depart = models.ForeignKey(to='Department') roles = models.ManyToManyField(to="Role") class Role(models.Model): title = models.CharField(verbose_name='标题', max_length=32) ########### 添加 ######### # 添加普通字段 Department.objects.create(title='销售部') Department.objects.create(**{'title':'销售部'}) # 添加外键 UserInfo.objects.create(name='姓名',depart=Department.objects.get(id=1)) UserInfo.objects.create(name='姓名',depart_id=1) # 添加多对多 obj = UserInfo.objects.filter(name='姓名').first() obj.roles.add([1,2,3]) ########## 删除 ########### obj.delete() ########### 修改 ####### # questset格式的 UserInfo.objects.filter(id__gt=5).update(name='xx') # 对象 obj = UserInfo.objects.filter(name='姓名').first() obj.roles.set([2, 3, 6, 7]) ############# 查询 ######## # 查询到全部数据 UserInfo.objects.all() # 这里返回的是一个queryset格式,里面都是字典 UserInfo.objects.values('id', 'name') # 返回的是一个个的元祖 UserInfo.objects.values_list('id', 'name')
常用操作
有时间写
高级操作
""" F Q only:把括号里面的数据全部取出 # Queryset[obj,obj,obj] modes.UserInfo.objects.all().only('id','name') # select id,name from userinfo # Queryset[{},{},{}] modes.UserInfo.objects.all().values('id','name') # select id,name from userinfo # Queryset[(),(),()] modes.UserInfo.objects.all().values_list('id','name') # select id,name from userinfo 错错错: result = modes.UserInfo.objects.all().only('id','name') for obj in result: print(obj.id,obj.name,obj.age) 原因:如果取的是没有取出的数据,你对象点也能把他取出来,但是那有相当于又去数据库查询了一下,所以最好使用only defer:把除了括号里的字段以外全部取出来 # Queryset[obj,obj,obj] modes.UserInfo.objects.all().defer('name') # select id,age from userinfo select_related:帮助开发者进行主动连表查询 # SELECT "app01_user"."id", "app01_user"."name", "app01_user"."depart_id" FROM "app01_user" result = models.User.objects.all() # SELECT "app01_user"."id", "app01_user"."name", "app01_user"."depart_id", "app01_department"."id", "app01_department"."title" FROM "app01_user" INNER JOIN "app01_department" ON ("app01_user"."depart_id" = "app01_department"."id") result = models.User.objects.all().select_related('depart') 注意:如果以后想要获取部门名称(跨表),一定要使用select_related进行主动跨表,这样在最开始获取数据时,将当前表和关联表的所有数据都获取到。 切记:错错错 result = models.User.objects.all() for row in result: print(row.name,row.depart_id,row.depart.title) # row.depart.title就会让性能大大降低 prefetch_related # 先执行SQL: select * from user where id<100 # 在执行SQL: select * from depart where id in [11,20] result = models.User.objects.filter(id__lt=100).prefetch_related('depart') 对比: 方式一: result = models.User.objects.all() # 1次单表 for row in result: print(row.id,row.name,row.depart.title) # 100次单表 方式二(小于4张表的连表操作): *** result = models.User.objects.all().select_related('depart') # 1次连表查询 for row in result: print(row.id,row.name,row.depart.title) 方式三(大于4张表连表操作): # 先执行SQL: select * from user; # 在执行SQL: select * from depart where id in [11,20] result = models.User.objects.all().prefetch_related('depart') # 2次单表查询 for row in result: print(row.id,row.name,row.depart.title) """
执行原生sql
第一种:connection(最彻底) 执行原生SQL,场景:复杂SQL语句 from django.db import connection, connections # 引入模块 # cursor = connections['db1'].cursor() :这种是如果有多个数据库可以取其中一个 cursor = connection.cursor() :这种是取默认的 cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1,]) # 执行写的sql语句 # row = cursor.fetchall() # 获取符合条件的所有数据,models.User.objects.all() row = cursor.fetchone() # 获取符合条件的第一条数据,models.User.objects.all().first() 第二种:raw def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 执行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo where id > 10 ') # 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表') # 为原生SQL设置参数 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,]) # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名 name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'} Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) # 指定数据库 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") 第三种: extra def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询 UserInfo.objects.extra(where=['headline ? %s'], params=['Lennon']) # select * from userinfo where headline > 'Lennon' UserInfo.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) # select * from userinfo where (foo='a' OR bar = 'a') and baz = 'a' UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) """ select id, name, (select col from sometable where othercol > 1) as new_id """ UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
所有ORM操作
所有ORM操作: ################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all(self) # 获取所有的数据对象 def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) # 条件查询 # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) # 条件查询 # 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q def select_related(self, *fields) 性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。 model.tb.objects.all().select_related() model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段') model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段') def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。 # 获取所有用户表 # 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID) models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段') from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField Article.objects.annotate( numviews=Count(Case( When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1), output_field=CharField(), )) ) students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum( models.Case( models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1), default=0, output_field=models.IntegerField() ))) def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) # 用于实现聚合group by查询 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 def distinct(self, *field_names) # 用于distinct去重 models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo 注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重 def order_by(self, *field_names) # 用于排序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age') def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询 UserInfo.objects.extra(where=['headline ? %s'], params=['Lennon']) # select * from userinfo where headline > 'Lennon' UserInfo.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"]) # select * from userinfo where (foo='a' OR bar = 'a') and baz = 'a' UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) """ select id, name, (select col from sometable where othercol > 1) as new_id """ UserInfo.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid']) def reverse(self): # 倒序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse() # 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序 def defer(self, *fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id') 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id') #映射中排除某列数据 def only(self, *fields): #仅取某个表中的数据 models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id') 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id') def using(self, alias): 指定使用的数据库,参数为别名(setting中的设置) models.UserInfo.objects.filter(id=5).using('db1') ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 执行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo where id > 10 ') # 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表') # 为原生SQL设置参数 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,]) # 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名 name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'} Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map) # 指定数据库 models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default") ################### 原生SQL ################### from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) def values(self, *fields): # 获取每行数据为字典格式 def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): # 获取每行数据为元祖 def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'): # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容 # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日) # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # 并获取转换后的时间 - year : 年-01-01 - month: 年-月-01 - day : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC') def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None): # 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容,将时间转换为指定时区时间 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # tzinfo时区对象 models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """ def none(self): # 空QuerySet对象 #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): # 聚合函数,获取字典类型聚合结果 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid')) ===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4} def count(self): # 获取个数 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # 获取单个对象 def create(self, **kwargs): # 创建对象 def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): # 批量插入 # batch_size表示一次插入的个数 objs = [ models.DDD(name='r11'), models.DDD(name='r22') ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建 # defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2}) def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,则更新,否则,创建 # defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1}) def first(self): # 获取第一个 def last(self): # 获取最后一个 def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): # 根据主键ID进行查找 id_list = [11,21,31] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) models.User.objects.filter(id__in=[11,21,31]) def delete(self): # 删除 def update(self, **kwargs): # 更新 def exists(self): # 是否有结果 pass